The United Nations University's Programme on Peace and Global Transformation was a major world-wide project whose purpose was to develop new insights about the interlinkages between questions of peace, conflict resolution, and the process of transformation. The research in this project, under six major themes, was co-ordinated by a 12-member core group in different regions of the world: East Asia, South-East Asia (including the Pacific), South Asia, the Arab region, Africa, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, and Latin America. The themes covered were: Conflicts over Natural Resources; Security, Vulnerability and Violence; Human Rights and Cultural Survival in a Changing Pluralistic World; The Role of Science and Technology in Peace and Transformation; The Role of the State in Peace and Global Transformation; and Global Economic Crisis. The project also included a special project on Peace and Regional Security.

UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY PRESS
1990

Singapore
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
Oxford New York
1990

Oxford University Press

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© The United Nations University 1990
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ISBN 019 5889371

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Conflict over natural resources in South-east Asia and the Pacific.- (Natural resources of South-east Asia. )
1. Asia. South-east Asia. Natural resources
I. Lim Teck Ghee, 1943 -
II. Valencia Mark J.
III. Series 333 70959

ISBN 0-19-588937-1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Conflict over natural resources in South-east Asia and the Pacific/ edited by Lim Teck Ghee and Mark J. Valencia p. cm.- (Natural resources of South-east Asia)

"Arose out of a conference organized and supported by the United Nations University (UNU) project on 'peace and global transformation' in 1985 "-P. v.

Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-19-588937-1 (U.S.):

1. Natural resources-Government policy-Asia.
2. Natural resources-Government policy-Pacific Area.
3. Asia-Economic conditions - 1945 -
4. International economic relations.
5. Natural resources - Law and legislation.
I. Lim, Teck Ghee.
II. Valencia, Mark J.
III. United Nations University.
IV. Series.
HC412.5.C66 1990
333.7'0959 - dc20

90-31481
CIP

Printed in Malaysia by Peter Chong Printers Sdn Bhd.
Published by United Nations University Press, The United Nations University,
Toho Seimei Building, 2-15-1 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan,
and Oxford University Press Pte. Ltd.,
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United Nations University Press
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Tel.: (03) 3499-2811. Fax: (03) 3406-7345.
Telex: J25442. Cable: UNATUNIV TOKYO.

Contents

Acknowledgements

Notes on contributors

1. Introduction

1.1 Commonalities and directions for future research
References

2. Conflict over land-based natural resources in the ASEAN countries

2.1 The ASEAN region: great wealth and great strife
2.2 The historical roots of conflict
2.3 The plunder of forest resources
2.4 The transformation of a natural resource: from agriculture to agribusiness
2.5 Conflicts over mineral resources
2.6 Development and tribal peoples: resistance to displacement
2.7 Natural resource abuses: a time for change
References

3. The japanese economy and south-east Asia: the examples of the asahan aluminium and Kawasaki Steel Projects

3.1 The japanese miracle
3.2 Eyed of the miracle?
3.3 A new vision of economic: development
3.4 The vision in action: asahan
3.5 Japan's overseas steel industry
3.6 Kawasaki in mindanao: the export of pollution
3.7 Conclusion: the comprehensive security system - What price?
References

4. International conflict over marine resources in south-east Asia: trends in politicization and militarization

4.1 Present and future conflict over marine resources
4.2 Common threads in the pattern of conflict
4.3 Conflict
4.4 New directions for co-operation
4.5 Progressive management concepts
References

5. Conflict over natural resources in Malaysia: the struggle of small-scale fishermen

5.1 Introduction
5.2 The 1950s early developments in the Malayan fisheries industry
5.3 The experience with fishing co-operatives, 1957-1965
5.4 A decade of trawling development, 1960-1970
5.5 The poverty eradication programme of the 1970s: new deal for small-scale fishermen?
5.6 Policy developments in the 1980s
5.7 Conclusion
References

6. Conflict over natural resources in the pacific

6.1 The region and its resources
6.2 Conflicts over marine space
6.3 Conflicts over the marine environment
6.4 Conflicting maritime claims
6.5 Conflicts over pelagic resources
6.6 Conflict over seabed mineral resources
6.7 Conclusions
References

Appendix

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