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2a. Tagnames for food components(A - E)
The actual food component tagnames and their definitions follow. Tagnames for derived food components and indicators of nutritional quality are listed in chapter 3. Each definition includes the name of the food component and its default (most common) unit of expression per 100 grams of edible portion of food. Synonym food component names and additional comments are included to further define many of the tagnames. For convenience, the definitions also include some of the food composition tables in which the associated food components are found. A list of these food composition tables and their assigned abbreviations can be found on page 98.
When the tagnames described in this chapter are used in interchange files, they are all subsidiary to the <COMP> element.
| <AAA> | amino
acids, total aromatic Unit: mg Comments: The total value is the sum of phenylalanine plus tyrosine only, in spite of the fact that tryptophan is also chemically aromatic. Tables: USDA 523, EA, SWD |
| <AAE8> | amino
acids, total essential; includes the eight basic
essential amino acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and
valine Unit: mg Comments: These eight amino acids are included in all definitions of the essential amino acids for man. |
| <AAE1OA> | amino
acids, total essential; includes the eight basic
essential amino acids plus arginine and histidine Unit: mg Comments: Arginine and histidine are included in this definition of essential amino acids because they are essential for infants. |
| <AAE1OB> | amino
acids, total essential; includes the eight basic
essential amino acids plus cystine and tyrosine Unit: mg Comments: Cystine and tyrosine are included in this definition of essential amino acids because of their sparing effects on the requirements for methionine and phenylalanine respectively. Tables: MW |
| <AAE12> | amino
acids, total essential; includes the eight basic
essential amino acids plus arginine, histidine, cystine,
and tyrosine Unit: mg Comments: Arginine and histidine are included in this definition of essential amino acids because they are essential for infants. Cystine and tyrosine are included because of their sparing effects on the requirements for methionine and phenylalanine respectively. Tables: ETH, NE, EA |
| <AAE> | amino
acids, total essential; unknown which amino acids are
included in the total Unit: mg |
| <AAS> | amino
acids, total sulphur-containing Unit: mg Comments: The total value is the sum of cystine plus methionine. Tables: USDA 522, NE, EA, SWD) |
| <AAT-> | amino
acids, total, precise definition not specified Unit: mg Tables: SFK, ETH, NE, EA Comments: When total amino acids are reported, they are usually the sum of whatever amino acids were analysed for that particular food. Consequently, this term is not precisely defined. Additional tagnames will be introduced when precise definitions exist. See page 79 for additional discussion. |
| < ACEAC > | acetic
acid Unit: mg Tables: USDA 230, SFK |
| < AG > | silver Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 378 |
| < AGAR > | agar-agar Synonyms: agar Unit: g |
| < AL > | aluminium Unit: mcg Synonyms: aluminum Tables: USDA 348, SFK |
| <ALA> | alanine Unit: mg Comments: Includes only L-alanine. Tables: USDA 513, SFK, ETH, NE, EA, DAN, SWD |
| < ALBU > | albumin Unit: mg |
| < ALC > | alcohol Unit: g Synonyms: ethanol; ethyl alcohol Tables: USDA 221, MW, DAN |
| <ALGL> | albumin
and globulin Unit: mg Tables: SFK |
| <ALGNT> | alginates Unit: g |
| < AMMON > | ammonia Unit: mg Tables: USDA 519 |
| < AMYP > | amylopectin Unit: g Tables: USDA 219 |
| <AMYPM> | amylopectin;
expressed in monosaccharide equivalents Unit: g |
| < AMYS > | amylose Unit: g |
| <AMYSM> | amylose;
expressed in monosaccharide equivalents Unit: g |
| <ARAFB> | arabinose
in dietary fibre Unit: mg |
| < ARAN > | arabinan Unit: g |
| < ARAS > | arabinose Unit: g Comments: L-arabinose only; includes only the free monosaccharide. Tables: SFK |
| < ARG > | arginine Unit: mg Comments: Includes only L-arginine. Tables: USDA 511, SFK, ETH, NE, EA, DAN, SWD |
| < AS > | arsenic Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 350 |
| < ASCL> | L-ascorbic
acid Unit: mg Tables: USDA 402, SWD |
| <ASCDL> | L-dehydroascorbic
acid Unit: mg |
| < ASH > | ash Unit: g Synonyms: minerals Tables: USDA 207, SKF, ETH, EGP, IND, NE, EA, PRC, DAN, SWD |
| < ASN > | asparagine Unit: mg Comments: Includes only L-asparagine. Tables: USDA 525, SFK |
| < ASP > | aspartic
acid Unit: mg Synonym: aspartate Comments: Includes only L-aspartic acid. Tables: USDA 514, SFK, ETH, NE, EA, DAN, SWD |
| < AU > | gold Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 363 |
| < AVED5 > | delta
5-avenasterol Unit: mg Synonyms: delta 5-avenastenol Tables: USDA 649, SFK, FRN |
| <AVED7> | delta
7-avenasterol Unit: mg Synonyms: avenasterol; delta 7-avenastenol Tables: USDA 648, SFK, FRN |
| < B > | boron Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 354, SFK, PRC |
| <BA> | barium Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 351 |
| <BENAC> | benzoic
acid Unit: mg Tables: USDA 232, SFK |
| < BIOT > | biotin Unit: mcg Synonyms: vitamin H Tables: USDA 416, SFK, MW, DAN, SWD |
| < BRASTR > | brassicasterol Unit: mg Tables: USDA 640, SFK, FRN |
| <CA> | calcium Unit: mg Tables: USDA 301, SFK, MW, ETH, EGP, IND, NE, EA, PRC, DAN, SWD |
| < CAFFN > | caffeine Unit: mg Tables: USDA 262, SFK |
| < CAMD5 > | delta
5-campesterol Unit: mg Synonyms: campesterol; delta 5-campestenol Tables: USDA 639, SFK, FRN |
| <CAMD7> | delta
7-campesterol Unit: mg Synonyms: delta 7-campestenol Tables: FRN |
| < CARGN > | carageenan Unit: g |
| < CAROT> | carotene,
total Unit: mcg Synonyms: vitamin A precursors Comments: All-trans carotene only. Tables: SFK, MW, PRC |
| < CARTA > | alpha-carotene Unit: mcg Comments: All-trans alpha-carotene only. Tables: USDA 322 |
| < CARTB > | beta-carotene Unit: mcg Comments: All~trans beta-carotene only. Tables: USDA 321, DAN |
| < CARTBEQ > | beta-carotene
equivalents Unit: mcg Synonyms: provitamin A carotenoids Comments: This value is the sum of the beta-carotene plus 1/2 the quantity of the other carotenoids with vitamin A activity. Tables: USDA 320, NE, EA |
| < CARTG > | gamma-carotene Unit: mcg Comments: All-trans gamma-carotene only. Tables: USDA 332 |
| <CASN>. | casein Unit: mg Tables: SFK |
| < CD > | cadmium Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 356 |
| <CELLO> | cellulose Unit: g Tables: USDA 225, SFK, DAN, SWD |
| < CHLNP> | phosphatidyl
choline Unit: g Synonyms: lecithin Tables: USDA 662, SFK |
| < CHLRAC > | chlorogenic
acid Unit: mg Tables: USDA 234, SFK |
| < CHOAVL > | carbohydrate,
available Unit: g Comments: This value includes the free sugars plus dextrins, starch, and glycogen. Tables: SFK |
| <CHOAVLM> | carbohydrate,
available; expressed in monosaccharide equivalents Unit: g Comments: This value includes the free sugars plus dextrins, starch, and glycogen. Tables: MW |
| <CHOCAL> | cholecalciferol Unit: mcg Synonyms: vitamin D-3 Comments: Naturally occurring form. Tables: DAN |
| <CHOCDF> | carbohydrate,
total; calculated by difference Unit: g Comments: This value is calculated using the following formula: 100 g minus total grams of water, protein, fat, and ash Tables: USDA 205, ETH, EGP, IND, NE, EA, DAN, SWD |
| < CHOCSM > | carbohydrate,
total; calculated by summation Unit: g Comments: This value is the sum of the sugars, starches, oligosaccharides, and carbohydrate dietary fibre. Tables: USDA 254 |
| <CHOLC> | cholesterol;
determined by chemical method (classical) Unit: mg |
| <CHOLE> | cholesterol;
determined by enzymatic or chromatographic method Unit: mg Tables: MW |
| < CHOLM > | 24
methylcholest-7-erol Unit: mg Tables: USDA 651, SFK, FRN |
| <CHOLN > | choline Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 421, SFK, IND |
| <CHOL> | cholesterol;
method of determination unknown Unit: mg |
| <CHO-> | carbohydrate,
total; method of determination unknown Unit: g |
| < CITAC > | citric
acid Unit: mg Tables: USDA 236, SFK |
| < CLD > | chloride Unit: mg Note: If the value is expressed in millimoles, mmol must be explicitly stated with the secondary tagname < UNIT/> . Synonyms: chlorine Tables: USDA 302, SFK, MW, IND, PRC |
| < CO > | cobalt Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 311, SFK, IND, EA, PRC |
| < COLG > | collagen Unit: mg |
| <CONPRO> | connective
tissue protein Unit: mg Tables: SFK Comments: This term is not precisely defined in the table in which it appears. The tagname should be construed as "connective tissue protein as the term is used by Souci-Fachmann-Kraut". |
| < CR > | chromium Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 310, SFK DAN, SWD |
| < CREATN > | creatinine Unit: mg Tables: SFK |
| < CRYPX > | cryptoxanthin Unit: mcg Tables: USDA 334 |
| < CU > | copper Unit: mg Tables: USDA 312, SFK, MW, EA, PRC, DAN, SWD |
| <CYS> | cystine Unit: mg Comments: Cysteine is often the natural form, which is converted to cystine during chromatography; includes only the L-amino acid. Tables: USDA 507, SFK, ETH, NE, EA, DAN, SWD |
| < DEXTN > | dextrins Unit: g Tables: SFK |
| <DEXTNM> | dextrins;
expressed in monosaccharide equivalents Unit: g Tables: MW |
| < DGLY > | diglycerides,
total Unit: g Tables: USDA 656 |
| <DISAC> | disaccharides,
total Unit: g |
| <DISACM> | disaccharides,
total; expressed in monosaccharide equivalents Unit: g |
| < DOPN > | dopamine Unit: mg Tables: SFK |
| <ENERA> | energy,
gross; determined by direct analysis using bomb
calorimetry Unit: kJ. The value for <ENERA> may be expressed in kilocalories instead of the default unit of kilojoules. However, if expressed in kilocalories, kcal must be explicitly stated with the secondary tagname < UNIT/ > . Note: It would be confusing and would imply additional information that does not exist if two <ENERA> values, i.e., one expressed in kilocalories and the other expressed in kilojoules, were included for a single food item when one value has simply been calculated from the other using the conversion equation: 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ. Consequently, one or the other should be used, but not both. Synonyms: kilojoules; kilocalories; Calories; food energy |
| < ENERC > | energy,
total metabolizable; calculated from the energy-producing
food components Unit: kJ. The value for <ENERC> may be expressed in kilocalories instead of the default unit of kilojoules. However, if expressed in kilocalories, kcal must be explicitly stated with the secondary tagname <UNIT/>. Note: It would be confusing and would imply additional information that does not exist if two <ENERC> values, i.e., one expressed in kilocalories and the other expressed in kilojoules, were included for a single food item when one value has simply been calculated from the other using the conversion equation: 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ. Consequently, one or the other should be used, but not both. Synonyms: kilojoules; kilocalories; Calories; food energy Comments: In addition to a value for the quantity of total metabolizable energy, <ENERC> includes a description or listing of the conversion factors used to calculate this energy value from the proximate quantities. The conversion factors may be described by a keyword, or the conversion factors may be listed using secondary tagnames within <ENERC>. (More than one <ENERC> tagname may exist for a single food item if the values were calculated from the proximate components using different conversion factors.) Keywords: Following are the available keywords to describe the conversion factors that were used for calculating total metabolizable energy: KJA kilojoule conversion factors using available carbohydrate kilojoules = (17 x g total protein) + (16 x g available carbohydrate expressed as monosaccharides) + (37 x g total fat) + (29 x g alcohol) Tables: MW STDA standard conversion factors originally derived by Atwater using available carbohydrate kilocalories= (4 x g total protein) + (3. 75 x g available carbohydrate expressed as monosaccharides) + (9 x g total fat) + (7 x g alcohol) Tables: MW STDT standard conversion factors originally derived by Atwater using total carbohydrate kilocalories = (4 x g total protein) + (4 x g total carbobydrate) + (9 x g total fat) + (7 x g alcohol) Tables: EGP,IND CDXC CODEX conversion factors for nutritional labelling of total kilocalories kilocalories = (4x8 total protein) + (4x8 total carbohydrate) + (9 x g total fat) + (7 x g alcohol) + (3 x g organic acid ) CDXJ CODEX conversion factors for nutritional labelling of total kilojoules kilojoules = (17 x g total protein) + (17 x g total carbohydrate) + (37 x g total fat) + (29 x g alcohol) + (13 x g organic acid ) FDS conversion factors based on type of food as reported in World Health Organization Technical Report Series No. 522 (3) and the United States Department of Agriculture Handbooks No. 8 (12) and No. 74 (9). Tables: USDA 208 and 268, ETH, NE, EA Note: The following two codes, RUBA and RUBT, represent conversion factors that were used primarily for calculating the energy data in early editions of McCance and Widdowson. It is believed that the Rubner conversion factors are no longer in active use. RUBA Rubner conversion factors using available carbohydrate kilocalories = (4.1 x g total protein) + (3. 75 x g available carbohydrate expressed as monosaccharides) + (9.3 x g total fat) + (7 x g alcohol). <XCT> conversion factors for calculating energy from total carbohydrate <XCA>conversion factors for calculating energy from available carbohydrate <XF> conversion factors for calculating energy from fat <XA>conversion factors for calculating energy from alcohol <XO>conversion factors for calculating energy from organic acid Note: If these secondary tagnames are used ,conversion factors for <XP> and <XF> are required; a conversion factors for <XA> and <XO> are optional. <ENERC> may not be used without either one of the keywords specified above or a set of specific conversion factors (or both).If the conversion system and factors are unknown ,<ENER-> should be used. Exemples : The 76 kcal/100 g energy value for whole cow's milk in the Ethiopian food tables was calculated from proximate values using conversion factors from the USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 8. Therefore ,the energy value would be listed using the <ENERC> tagname and the USDA keyword calculate from proximate value using conversion factors from the USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 8 with the kilocalorie unit of kilojoules: <ENERC> 76 USDA <UNIT/> kcal </UNIT/> <ENERC> The 272 kj/100 g energy for fresh ,whole cow's milk in the McCance and Widdowson food table was calculated with the kilojoule conversion factors that use available carbohydrate. Therefore ,the energy value would be listed using the <ENERC> tagname and the KJA keyword: <ENERC> 272 KJA </ENERC> If an energy value expressed in kilocalories were calculated for whole cow's milk using conversion factors for protein, fat, and total carbohydrate ,and the se conversion factors did not conform to any of the factors described by the available keywords,the energy value would be listed using the <ENERC> tagname and the <XP>,<XF> and <XCT> secondary tagnames.The kilocalorie unit would be stated with the secondary tagname <UNIT/> to replace the default unit of kilojoules: <ENERC> 76.42 <XP> 4.3 <XF> 8.8 <XCT> 3.9 <UNIT/ kcal </UNIT/> <ENERC> Note: In these examples, </UNIT/> and </ENERC> are end-tags required in interchange format to indicate the end of the unit and energy information. See the INFOODS Data Interchange Handbook format: for details on interchange |
| <ENER-> | energy;
method of determination unknown Unit: kJ. The value for <ENER-> may be expressed in kilocalories instead of the default unit of kilojoules. However, if expressed in kilocalories, kcal must be explicitly stated with the secondary tagname < UNIT/ >. Note: It would be confusing and would imply additional information that does not exist if two <ENER-> values, i.e., one expressed in kilocalories and the other expressed in kilojoules, were included for a single food item when one value has simply been calculated from the other using the conversion equation: 1 kcal = 4.184 kJ. Consequently, one or the other should be used, but not both. Synonyms: kilojoules; kilocalories; Calories; food energy Comments: The <ENER-> tagname should be used if it is not known whether the energy value represents gross energy or total metabolizable energy. It should also be used if it is known that the energy value was calculated from the proximate components but the conversion factors used are unknown. (It is meaningless to have <ENER-> in combination with either <ENERA> or <ENERC> for a given food item.) |
| < ERGCAL > | ergocalciferol Unit: mcg Synonyms: vitamin D-2 |
| < ETHAM > | ethanolamines,
total Unit: g Tables: SFK |