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| Sub- Saharan Africa | Middle South Asia | S.E. Asia, E. Asia | Latin America | Other developing | Industrial | Total | N | |
| (N = 8) | (N = 5) | (N = 5) | (N = 7) | (N = 6) | (N = 6) | (N = 68) | 68 | |
| A. BEHAVIOURAL, PSYCHOSOCIAL, AND CULTURAL FACTORS | ||||||||
| 1. Mother-child interactions | ||||||||
| Early bonding between mother and infant | 3.49 (0.15) | 3.38 (0.77) | 4.00 (0.00) | 3.64 (0.63) | 3.20 (1.03) | 3.42 (0.79) | 3.49 (0.75) | 59 |
| Positive "affect" or smiling happy mood between mother/child | 3.67 (1.51) | 3.31 (0.75) | 3.57 (0.53) | 3.15 (0.90) | 3.30 (0.95) | 3.57 (0.53) | 3.38 (0.75) | 56 |
| Prompt response to child's hunger cues | 3.38 (0.52) | 3.38 (0.77) | 2.75 (0.89) | 3.43 (0.85) | 3.80 (0.42) | 3.43 (0.79) | 3.38 (0.76) | 60 |
| Mother's coaxing or stimulating child to eat | 2.29 (0.25) | 2.92 (1.16) | 2.57 (1.13) | 2.09 (1.38) | 2.60 (1.51) | 2.43 (1.40) | 2.50 (1.28) | 54 |
| Mother feeding older infant rather than letting infant feed self | 1.38 (0.30) | 2.50 (1.20) | 2.29 (1.50) | 1.64 (1.20) | 2.11 (1.45) | 3.00 (2.00) | 2.04 (1.40) | 47 |
| Frequent close physical contact | 3.29 (1.11) | 3.31 (0.75) | 3.38 (1.06) | 3.50 (0.65) | 3.50 (0.53) | 2.86 (0.69) | 3.34 (0.78) | 59 |
| Frequent physical care, cleaning, grooming | 2.29 (1.25) | 2.62 (1.19) | 2.78 (1.09) | 2.79 (1.12) | 2.89 (0.93) | 3.00 (0.82) | 2.73 (1.06) | 59 |
| Frequent psychosocial stimulation | 2.51 (1.51) | 3.08 (1.32) | 3.13 (1.01) | 3.36 (1.01) | 3.50 (0.71) | 2.86 (0.90) | 3.14 (1.15) | 59 |
| Lack of prolonged separation of child from mother | 3.11 (1.05) | 3.58 (0.51) | 2.71 (1.89) | 3.27 (1.27) | 3.60 (0.70) | 3.33 (0.82) | 3.31 (0.07) | 55 |
| Consistent reinforcement of child's developmental achievements | 2.57 (1.39) | 3.18 (1.08) | 2.63(1.19) | 3.00 (0.96) | 3.57 (0.79) | 2.86 (1.46) | 2.98 (1.12) | 54 |
| 2. Behavioural characteristics of the child | ||||||||
| Strong sucking reflex (in infants) | 2.86 (1.46) | 3.11 (0.60) | 3.00 (1.22) | 2.60 (0.97) | 3.43 (0.98) | 3.29 (0.76) | 3.02 (0.99) | 45 |
| High neo-natal assessment score | 2.25 (0.96) | 2.71 (1.11) | 3.67 (0.58) | 2.50 (1.08) | 2.71 (1.60) | 3.33 (0.52) | 2.78 (1.11) | 37 |
| Large appetite | 3.00 (1.41) | 2.90 (1.30) | 3.13 (1.46) | 2.30 (0.82) | 3.33 (0.71) | 2.83 (1.60) | 2.90 (1.20) | 51 |
| Willingness to eat new foods or variety of foods | 2.00 (1.63) | 3.08 (1.19) | 3.00 (1.15) | 2.64 (0.92) | 3.44 (0.73) | 2.86 (0.69) | 2.87 (1.12) | 54 |
| Well-defined hunger cues | 2.25 (1.50) | 3.09 (1.22) | 2.75 (1.04) | 2.91 (1.16) | 3.17 (0.75) | 2.57 (0.98) | 2.85 (1.09) | 48 |
| Aggressive approach to obtaining food | 3.43 (1.13) | 3.08 (0.76) | 2.43 (1.62) | 2.50 (1.08) | 2.67 (1.11) | 2.80 (1.11) | 2.80 (1.11) | 51 |
| Regular sleeping pattern | 1.50 (1.73) | 2.67 (1.15) | 3.12 (1.13) | 2.60 (1.08) | 3.00 (0.82) | 3.17 (0.75) | 2.74 (1.13) | 47 |
| Rapid adaption to new stimuli | 2.33 (1.15) | 3.10 (0.88) | 3.57 (0.79) | 3.13 (0.64) | 2.75 (0.89) | 3.00 (0.63) | 3.05 (0.83) | 42 |
| Enjoys interacting with people | 3.00 (0.63) | 2.81 (0.87) | 3.33 (1.00) | 3.00 (1.22) | 3.00 (1.00) | 3.00 (0.63) | 3.02 (0.91) | 48 |
| 3. Psychosocial characteristics of the mother | ||||||||
| Satisfaction with her life in general | 2.78 (1.48) | 3.23 (1.09) | 3.22 (0.83) | 3.33 (0.98) | 2.87 (1.36) | 3.14 (0.90) | 3.12 (1.09) | 58 |
| Low levels of psychological stress | 2.50 (1.29) | 3.20 (1.32) | 3.56 (0.73) | 3.15 (1.14) | 3.13 (1.36) | 2.71 (0.76) | 3.12 (1.11) | 51 |
| Not overburdened with work | 2.86 (1.55) | 3.08 (1.08) | 3.44 (0.88) | 2.92 (1.19) | 2.92 (1.19) | 2.90 (1.20) | 3.02 (1.10) | 59 |
| Ability to put child's needs before her own needs or desires | 3.60 (0.89) | 3.38 (0.96) | 3.42 (0.79) | 2.79 (0.80) | 3.63 (0.74) | 3.50 (0.55) | 3.30 (0.85) | 53 |
| Good relationship with child's father | 3.14 (0.69) | 3.15 (0.99) | 3.38 (0.74) | 2.93 (1.21) | 3.44 (0.53) | 3.00 (0.58) | 3.16 (0.87) | 58 |
| Absence of psychiatric problems (anxiety, depression, etc.) | 3.00 (0.82) | 3.18 (0.87) | 3.33 (1.21) | 3.07 (1.07) | 3.38 (0.74) | 3.43 (0.79) | 3.22 (0.91) | 50 |
| Enterprising, non-fatalistic attitude | 3.33 (1.21) | 3.43 (0.79) | 2.80 (1.64) | 3.50 (0.52) | 2.33 (1.58) | 3.25 (0.50) | 3.12 (1.14) | 43 |
| Positive attitude towards child (child of desired sex) | 3.75 (0.46) | 3.42 (0.67) | 3.67 (0.52) | 3.07 (0.92) | 3.11 (1.27) | 3.17 (0.75) | 3.33 (0.84) | 55 |
| Positive attitude (child born at desired time) | 3.13 (0.64) | 2.73 (1.35) | 1.57 (1.13) | 3.23 (0.83) | 3.11 (0.93) | 3.00( 0.58) | 2.85 (1.06) | 55 |
| Less practice of favouritism or discrimination against Female child | 2.75 (0.50) | 3.75 (0.45) | 1.75 (1.67) | 2.64 (1.21) | 2.56 (1.59) | 3.00 (0.71) | 2.80 (1.29) | 49 |
| Maturity: 20 years old or more | 3.20 (1.30) | 2.82 (1.25) | 2.63 (1.06) | 3.08 (0.10) | 2.70 (1.42) | 2.85 (0.69) | 2.88 (1.11) | 53 |
| Life-stage: not older than 35 | 1.29 (1.11) | 2.40 (1.26) | 2.50 (1.20) | 1.67 (1.44) | 2.33 (1.58) | 3.00 (0.58) | 2.17 (1.33) | 53 |
| Higher educational level | 2.78 (1.30) | 2.77 (1.09) | 2.75 (1.28) | 3.00 (1.04) | 2.80 (1.40) | 2.50 (0.55) | 2.79 (1.12) | 58 |
| Higher natural intelligence | 2.71 (1.50) | 3.36 (0.80) | 2.50 (1.52) | 2.54 (1.39) | 2.28 (1.50) | 3.33 (0.82) | 2.80 (1.28) | 50 |
| Greater contact with the world outside the home | 2.43 (1.13) | 2.69 (1.25) | 2.17 (1.33) | 2.77 (0.73) | 2.10 (1.60) | 3.14 (0.90) | 2.57 (1.17) | 56 |
| 4. Preventive health care | ||||||||
| Attention to hygiene and sanitary conditions of child's environment | 3.33 (1.00) | 3.50 (1.17) | 3.78 (0.44) | 3.53 (0.64) | 3.30 (1.34) | 3.29 (0.49) | 3.47 (0.90) | 62 |
| Greater use of modern preventive health services (e.g. pre-natal care, immunization) | 3.30 (1.06) | 3.46 (1.13) | 3.40 (1.08) | 3.43 (0.94) | 3.00 (1.63) | 3.14 (0.69) | 3.31 (1.10) | 64 |
| Less use of traditional preventive measures (e.g. charms, amulets) | 2.29 (1.38) | 2.36 (1.50) | 2.50 (1.51) | 2.43 (1.74) | 1.86 (1.57) | 2.60 (1.14) | 2.35 (1.48) | 52 |
| Less practice of dietary taboos | 1.70 (1.49) | 2.81 (1.53) | 2.88 (1.55) | 2.92 (1.56) | 2.50 (1.71) | 2.71 (0.76) | 2.59 (1.50) | 58 |
| 5. Curative health care | ||||||||
| Prompt visit to modem health services | 3.00 (1.34) | 2.69 (1.44) | 3.63 (1.06) | 3.14 (1.29) | 2.70 (1.42) | 3.14 (0.90) | 3.02 (1.28) | 63 |
| Continuing to seek help until child recovered | 3.00 (1.07) | 2.87 (1.36) | 3.71 (0.49) | 3.46 (0.66) | 3.00 (1.25) | 3.00 (0.82) | 3.19 (0.98) | 53 |
| Fewer visits to traditional healers | 2.00 (1.41) | 2.10(1.60) | 2.08 (1.93) | 2.54 (1.45) | 1.90 (1.37) | 2.50 (0.58) | 2.17 (1.45) | 52 |
| Continuing to give prescribed care and medication throughout the illness | 3.00 (1.22) | 3.25 (1.22) | 3.25 (1.39) | 3.15 (1.07) | 2.90 (1.37) | 3.00 (0.82) | 3.11 (1.15) | 55 |
| Fewer home remedies | 1.67 (0.82) | 1.63 (1.30) | 3.00 (1.41) | 2.38 (1.56) | 2.11 (1.45) | 2.20 (0.84) | 2.20 (1.35) | 49 |
| Fewer restrictions on diet during illness | 3.11 (1.27) | 3.25 (1.22) | 3.50 (0.76) | 2.75 (1.36) | 3.50 (0.93) | 3.20 (0.83) | 3.19 (1.12) | 54 |
| Mother stays with sick child - does not leave with others when sick | 3.29 (0.76) | 2.88 (0.64) | 3.71 (0.75) | 3.08 (0.97) | 3.00 (1.05) | 3.33 (0.82) | 3.18 (0.87) | 50 |
| 6. Characteristics of other caretakers | ||||||||
| Mature, at least 15 years old | 2.17 (1.72) | 3.38 (0.74) | 3.38 (0.91) | 3.17 (0.58) | 3.33 (1.32) | 3.00 (0.71) | 3.13 (1.04) | 48 |
| Experienced in child care | 2.00 (1.73) | 3.17 (0.19) | 3.38 (0.91) | 2.92 (1.19) | 3.20 (1.23) | 3.17 (0.75) | 3.00 (1.22) | 56 |
| Better educated | 1.71 (1.60) | 2.77 (1.24) | 2.38 (1.41) | 2.93 (1.14) | 2.22 (1.20) | 2.50 (1.38) | 2.51 (1.30) | 57 |
| Less burdened by other tasks | 3.17 (1.33) | 2.83 (1.33) | 3.00 (0.89) | 2.91 (1.00) | 2.50 (1.51) | 3.00 (0.90) | 2.86 (1.17) | 52 |
| 7. Father's role | ||||||||
| Living at home | 2.13 (1.73) | 3.22 (1.09) | 2.83 (0.98) | 3.56 (0.53) | 1.75 (1.39) | 3.17 (0.75) | 2.78 (1.28) | 46 |
| One wife only | 3.33 (1.00) | 3.62 (0.51) | 3.38 (1.06) | 3.69 (0.48) | 3.20 (0.92) | 3.43 (0.79) | 3.47 (0.77) | 60 |
| Providing financial support for child | 3.47 (0.77) | 3.33 (1.00) | 3.61 (0.51) | 3.37 (1.06) | 3.69 (0.48) | 3.20 (0.92) | 3.43 (0.79) | 60 |
| Better educated | 2.89(1.45) | 2.77(1.09) | 2.63(1.51) | 3.08(0.95) | 2.11(1.17) | 3.00(0.82) | 2.76(1.17) | 59 |
| 8. Family size/structure | ||||||||
| Children separated by birth interval of at least three years | 3.50 (0.53) | 3.50 (0.67) | 3.00 (1.41) | 3.00 (0. 91) | 3.40 (0.84) | 3.29 (0.76) | 3.30 (0.82) | 54 |
| Not more than four children | 2.33 (1.86) | 3.63 (0.50) | 3.25 (0.96) | 3.18 (0.98) | 3 27 (0.79) | 3.33 (0.52) | 3.22 (0.98) | 49 |
| Higher ratio of adults to young children | 2.57 (1.62) | 2.20 (1.03) | 2.80 (1.64) | 2.60 (0.97) | 2.57 (1.40) | 2.33 (1.03) | 2.49 (1.20) | 45 |
| Presence of siblings old enough to help mother | 2.71 (1.60) | 2.30(1.49) | 1.83 (1.47) | 2.17(0 94) | 2.44 (1.24) | 2.00 (1.27) | 2.26 (1.27) | 50 |
| 9. Family attitudes | ||||||||
| No preference for male and older family members in distribution of food | 2.60 (1.35) | 2.83 (1.40) | 2.83 (1.83) | 2.77 (1.36) | 3.09 (1.13) | 3.33 (0.52) | 2.89 (1.29) | 58 |
| Recognition of special nutritional needs of young child | 3.20 (1.23) | 3.08 (1.50) | 4.00 (0.00) | 3.14 (1.10) | 3.38 (1.19) | 3.14 (0.90) | 3.26 (1.15) | 58 |
| Ambitions for child to receive post primary education | 257 (1.62) | 2.69 (1.38) | 2.25 (1.71) | 3.08 (0.10) | 2.30 (1.25) | 2.85 (0.69) | 2.68 (1.26) | 53 |
| Ambition for child to succeed in modern occupation | 2.63 (1.77) | 2.64 (1.29) | 2.50 (1.73) | 2.67 (0.98) | 2.20 (1.48) | 3.00 (0.82) | 2.60 (1.29) | 52 |
| 10. Household resources | ||||||||
| Significant hidden/intangible resources (given the low socio-economic status of the family) | 3.29 (1.50) | 3.08 (1.12) | 3.67 (0.58) | 2.56 (1.13) | 2.33 (1.73) | 3.33 (0.52) | 2.94 (1.26) | 47 |
| Greater access to community services | 3.56 (1.01) | 3.33 (0.65) | 3.00 (1.55) | 3.62 (0.51) | 2.78 (1.30) | 2.71 (0.95) | 3.23 (0.99) | 56 |
| Presence of informal social network whose support the mother can draw upon | 3.44 (1.01) | 3.15 (1.14) | 1.80 (1.30) | 3.40 (0.70) | 2.90 (1.19) | 3.29 (0.76) | 3.09 (1.09) | 54 |
| Small amounts of supplemental income earned by enterprising mother | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B. GENETIC AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS | ||||||||
| 1. Maternal nutritional status | ||||||||
| Height | 2.63 (1.30) | 2.90 (1.45) | 2.20 (1.30) | 2.85 (1.46) | 2.00 (1.49) | 2.67 (0.82) | 2.58 (1.35) | 52 |
| Pre-pregnancy weight-for-height | 2.20 (1.64) | 3.18 (0.87) | 3.00 (1.41) | 2.90 (1.22) | 3.14 (0.90) | 3.20 (0.89) | 2.98 (1.13) | 46 |
| Weight gain during pregnancy | 2.80 (1.64) | 3.18 (1.33) | 3.17 (1.17) | 3.17 (1.03) | 2.63 (0.92) | 2.80 (1.30) | 3.00 (1.16) | 47 |
| Weight-for-height during lactation | 2.60 (1.67) | 2.50 (1.43) | 2.67 (1.37) | 2.80 (0.92) | 3.22 (0.83) | 3.33 (0.82) | 2.85 (1.15) | 46 |
| Female obesity (contributing protective effect to infant nutrition in some societies) | 0.75 (1.50) | 1.33 (1.51) | 2.75 (1.26) | 2.00 (1.35) | 1.88 (1.25) | 2.00 (1.87) | 1.82 (1.43) | 39 |
| Iron status | 1.83 (2.04) | 3.11 (0.93) | 3.14 (1.22) | 2.78 (1.39) | 3.14 (1.07) | 3.33 (0.52) | 2.92 (1.27) | 44 |
| 2. Dietary intake during pregnancy | ||||||||
| Calories | 3.14 (1.46) | 3.63 (0.75) | 3.25 (1.17) | 3.55 (0.93) | 3.38 (0.74) | 3.67 (0.51) | 3.44 (0.94) | 48 |
| Protein | 2.20 (0.64) | 3.00 (1.31) | 4.00 (0.00) | 3.00 (1.09) | 2.75 (1.39) | 3.67 (0.52) | 3.13 (1.19) | 46 |
| Iron | 2.80 (1.64) | 3.25 (0.70) | 3.43 (1.13) | 3.36 (0.67) | 3.14 (0.90) | 3.50 (0.55) | 3.27 (0.90) | 44 |
| Folate | 2.40 (1.52) | 3.00 (0.76) | 2.71 (1.25) | 3 | 3.50 (0.84) | 3.33 (0.82) | 3.00 (1.02) | 43 |
| 3. Dietary intake during lactation | ||||||||
| Calories | 3.50 (1.41) | 3.57 (0.79) | 3.17 (0.98) | 3.60 (0.70) | 3.75 (0.46) | 3.67 (0.52) | 3.56 (0.84) | 45 |
| Protein | 2.67 (1.75) | 3.25 (1.04) | 3.67 (0.82) | 3.10 (1.10) | 3.71 (0.49) | 3.50 (0.55) | 3.30 (1.04) | 43 |
| Iron | 2.57 (1.62) | 3.25 (0.89) | 3.17 (1.17) | 2.80 (1.03) | 3.57 (0.79) | 3.33 (0.52) | 3.09 (1.05) | 44 |
| Folate | 2.86 (1.46) | 3.00 (0.82) | 3.00 (1.10) | 2.60 (1.07) | 3.57 (0.79) | 3.00 (0.89) | 2.98 (1.08) | 43 |
| Fluids | 2.67 (1.75) | 3.00 (1.10) | 3.43 (0.79) | 3.30 (0.95) | 3.25 (0.89) | 2.67 (0.82) | 3.09 (1.04) | 43 |
| 4. Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Birth weight (large or average weight for-date) | 3.13 (1.36) | 3.40 (0.84) | 3.38 (0.74) | 2.92 (1.19) | 3.67 (0.50) | 3.00 (0.82) | 3.24 (0.96) | 55 |
| Normal gestational age (38-42 weeks) | 3.12 (1.36) | 3.50 (0.71) | 3.22 (0.67) | 3.25 (0.87) | 3.63 (0.52) | 3.43 (0.79) | 3.35 (0.83) | 54 |
| Absence of complication/stress during pregnancy | 3.00 (1.41) | 3.56 (0.53) | 3.71 (0.49) | 3.08 (0.52) | 3.33 (0.71) | 3.33 (0.52) | 3.32 (0.74) | 50 |
| Age supplementary food started | 3.60 (1.27) | 3.50 (0.76) | 2.88 (1.36) | 2.75 (1.42) | 3.60 (0.52) | 2.67 (1.21) | 3.19 (1.17) | 54 |
| Age breast-feeding stopped | 3.20 (1.23) | 2.89 (1.36) | 2.78 (1.09) | 3.38 (0.87) | 2.50 (1.51) | 3.14 (0.90) | 3.00 (1.17) | 58 |
| Age other milk stopped | 2.20 (1.48) | 2.25 (1.39) | 2.50 (1.20) | 2.70 (1.06) | 1.20 (1.32) | 3.00 (0.82) | 2.27 (1.30) | 48 |
| Calories in supplementary food | 3.50 (1.27) | 3.56 (0.53) | 3.43 (0.79) | 3.72 (0.65) | 3.20 (1.05) | 3.00 (0.90) | 3.43 (0.89) | 53 |
| Protein in supplementary food | 2.25 (1.67) | 3.00 (1.22) | 3.22 (1.09) | 3.45 (0.93) | 3.00 (0.93) | 2.71 (0.90) | 2.98 (1.16) | 52 |
| Lower than average activity level | 2.00 (1.58) | 2.14 (1.36) | 2.67 (1.22) | 2.67 (1.22) | 1.89 (1.62) | 3.17 (0.98) | 2.42 (1.32) | 45 |
| Greater than average stress tolerance | 1.75 (1.71) | 2.86 (1.22) | 2.40 (1.14) | 3.38 (1.19) | 2.86 (1.46) | 3.17 (0.75) | 2.83 (1.26) | 37 |
| Lower than average caloric requirement | 2.00 (1.15) | 2.29 (1.11) | 1.80 (1.64) | 2.20 (1.40) | 2.71 (1.60) | 2.14 (1.45) | 2.25 (1.35) | 40 |
| Lower than average protein requirement | 2.00 (1.00) | 2.00 (0.71) | 1.50 (1.73) | 1.78 (1.20) | 2.50 (1.64) | 1.67 (1.21) | 1.49 (1.22) | 35 |
| 5. Child's resistance to infections | ||||||||
| Diarrhoeal | 4.00 (0.00) | 3.55 (0.69) | 3.88 (0.35) | 3.86 (0.36) | 3.33 (1.32) | 4.00 (0.00) | 3.76 (0.65) | 59 |
| Respiratory | 3.71 (0.49) | 3.70 (0.67) | 3.86 (0.38) | 3.75 (0.45) | 3.56 (1.33) | 2.85 (0.38) | 3.73 (0.69) | 52 |
| Parasitic | 3.78 (0.67) | 3.09 (0.94) | 3.20 (0.45) | 3.23 (1.01) | 2.50 (1.60) | 3.71 (0.76) | 3.25 (1.03) | 53 |
| Measles | 3.78 (0.44) | 3.50 (0.97) | 3.50 (0.58) | 3.18 (0.98) | 3.00 (1.85) | 3.86 (0.38) | 3.45 (1.02) | 49 |
Table G. Summary of observations, suggestions, and comments from the questionnaire
| Country/culture | Setting | ||
| Factors to be included in the study of positive deviance | |||
| 1. Mother-child interactions | Excessive crying by the child | N. India | Rural and urban |
| Unusually dull child | |||
| Normal power of extremities of the child | Taiwan | Urban | |
| Normal growth of teeth of the child which will affect feeding interactions | |||
| Observations and comments | |||
| Koran says mothers should breast-feed their children up to two years and should be with their babies for a prolonged period | Kenya (Bantus) | Rural | |
| Negative practice of abrupt separation of child from mother in another village at time of weaning needs to be changed | Lesotho | Rural | |
| Wealthier families do not necessarily have healthier children. Food with love and support is most important | Nepal (Brahmin) | Rural | |
| Factors to be included in the study of positive deviance | |||
| 2. Maternal psychosocial characteristics | Mother's perception of etiology of illness in relation to nutrition | Mexico (Mitla, Zapotec) | Town |
| Supplies child with all available titbits | |||
| Mother's awareness of issues concerning child nutrition | Turkey | Urban | |
| Extent of protectiveness of mothers toward children | S. India | Rural | |
| Working mother | N. India | ||
| Stepmother | |||
| Mother's extent of contact outside house; non-professional women with greater contacts outside home may neglect their children | Turkey | ||
| Self-sacrificing attitude of the mother important | Taiwan | Moderately developed | |
| Observations and comments | |||
| P.D. mothers have no food taboos for themselves or their children | Nepal (Tamang. Newar) |
Rural | |
| Mothers who practiced the custom of massaging the child with oil and then exposing them to sunlight tended to have healthier children | Bangladesh | Rural | |
| Mother sacrifices everything she can afford for her child | Papua New Guinea | Rural | |
| Breast-feeding can continue for three years | (Kewabi) | ||
| Mother commonly obeys food taboos on many protein foods and avoids sexual intercourse while lactating | Papua New Guinea (Saniyo, Hiyowe) | Rural | |
| Factors to be included in the study of positive deviance | |||
| 3. Parental and caretaker characteristics | Absence of chronic illness in fathers | Papua New Guinea (Saniyo, Hiyowe) | Rural |
| Relationship of father to child Influence of grandparents in child feeding and rearing |
Mexico | Mixed | |
| Parents ambition for the child to have higher status than themselves in the society | Greece | Urban | |
| Influence of grandparents | US/Mexican American | Urban | |
| Role of grandparents | Argentina (Criolla) | ||
| Type of family: extended v. nuclear | |||
| Geographic stability of the parents | |||
| Early biography of mother and father | |||
| Former traumatic experiences of the parents | |||
| Father's health - absence of prolonged illnesses | N. India | ||
| Non-discrimination against child's sex | |||
| Less belief in old customs by parents | |||
| Caretaker's status in home | |||
| Personal gains of caretaker | |||
| Father's interest and knowledge of proper infant feeding methods | Philippines | Urban | |
| Caretaker's interest/knowledge of proper infant feeding methods | |||
| Observation | |||
| Fathers of North Chinese Province, regardless of the wife's origin (mainlander or Taiwanese), had babies with greater appetite that grew well | Taiwan | Moderately developed | |
| Factors to be included in the study of positive deviance | |||
| 4. Family size, household structure, socio-economic status | Children spaced at least two years apart | Papua New Guinea (Motu) |
Rural |
| Number of children in a family. Fourth and following children are at a disadvantage. First child is also at a disadvantage due to young age of the mother. Second and third child has a positive advantage | Turkey | ||
| Adequate living space in the house per family member | Taiwan | Urban | |
| Socio-economic factors at the macro-and micro-level are the most important determinants, especially family's access to means of production if rural and employment if urban | Cameroon | Rural | |
| Adequate financial resources | N. India | ||
| Careful distribution of household
resources and setting of priorities concerning children are important |
St. Kitts Nevis | Rural | |
| Nuclear v. extended family | S. India (S. Kanenese) |
Rural | |
| Observations and comments | |||
| One family, one child policy of Chinese government will affect child- care issues in China and increase parents receptiveness to health programmes | People's Republic of China | Rural | |
| According to their research, mothers of positive deviants had mean parity of 4-8 while mothers of malnourished had 6-8 | Haiti | Rural | |
| Factors to be included in the study of positive deviance | |||
| 5. Community health social services |
Improved water supply | Kenya (Bantus) | Rural |
| Clean reliable source of water | S. India | Rural | |
| Observations and comments | |||
| Mothering is perceived as woman's most important role and new | St. Kitts Nevis | Rural | |
| mothers are supported and exempted from performing normal chores | |||
| Factors to be included in the study of positive deviance | |||
| 6. Maternal physical and nutritional characteristics | Intake of calcium during pregnancy | Taiwan | Urban |
| Avoidance of sleeping drugs | |||
| Mother's hygiene | Mexico (Mitla. Zapotec) | Town | |
| Negative effect of using drugs, especially anticonvulsants and antibiotics taken by the mother during pregnancy | Turkey | ||
| 7. Child's physical and nutritional characteristics | Breast-feeding | Papua New Guinea (Motu) | Rural |
| Introduction of solids at 4-6 months | |||
| Regular three meals and snacks | |||
| Breast-feeding for longer than nine months important because of scarcity of milk | Zambia | Rural | |
| Good supplemental feeding/weaning patterns | Philippines Cebu) | ||
| Eating wholesome local diet rather than less nutritious new and modern foods | Nepal (Newer. Brahmin) | Rural | |
| Child is at disadvantage if (1) primarily breast-fed for longer than 7 months; (2) never breast-fed. | |||
| Advantageous to begin proper supplementary foods at four months | |||
| Observation | |||
| Female children under three years are superior in weight-for-age and weight-for-height than male children | Peru (Andean) | Rural | |