Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural
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Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural
Communities
Table of contents (178 p.)
© The United Nations University 1979
Papers Presented at the Conference on the State of the Art of Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities, Held at the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama, Guatemala City, Guatemala, 13 - 15 November 1978
THE UNITED NATIONS UNIVERSITY
Task Force on Bioconversion of Organic Residues for Rural Communities
A joint project of the World Hunger Programme and the Programme on the Use and Management of Natural Resources, the United Nations University
Task Force Members
P. van der Wal, Chairman
C.A. Shacklady, Technical Coordinator
W.H. Barreveld
A.C.J. Burgers
E. DaSilva
C.-G. Hedén
N.S. Scrimshaw
C.V. Seshadri
Consultants
J.E. Bardach
T.R. Preston
M. Slesser
J.C. Senez
© The United Nations University
1979
IPWN-1/UNUP-43 ISBN 92-808-0043-4
This book is published within the framework of the World Hunger Programme and the Programme on the Use and Management of Natural Resources of the United Nations University. The views expressed in the individual papers are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the United Nations University.
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University
Foreword
Perspectives on bioconversion of organic
residues for rural communities
Introduction
Sources of available nutrients
The most suitable materials for bioconversion
Characteristics of residues
Bioconversion systems
Physical and chemical treatments
Microbial conversion
The animal conversion phase
Summary
References
Availability of organic residues as a rural resource
Micro-organisms as tools for rural processing of organic residues
Introduction
Microbial utilization of mono- and di-saccharide residues
Microbial conversion of starchy residues
Microbial conversion of complex mixtures of compounds (Polysaccharides, Proteins, Lipids, etc.)
Microbial utilization of cellulose and ligno-cellulose residues
Algal culture as a source of biomass
Microbial utilization of silviculture biomass
Micro-organisms and marine and freshwater biomass
International studies on processing organic residues
References
Production of feed as an objective for bioconversion systems
Introduction
General characteristics
Manure as feed
Sewage-grown micro-algae
Conclusion
References
Environmental goals for microbial bioconversion in rural communities
Introduction
Health and water economy
Fertilizer and energy economy
Concluding remarks
References
Discussion summary: Papers by Porter, Berk and La Rivière
Strategies for developing small-scale fermentation processes in developing countries
Preface
Introduction
Contributions to the solution of nutritional problems
Development of protein-rich vegetarian meat substitutes in the western world
References
Discussion summary
The role of ruminants in the bioconversion of tropical byproducts and wastes into food and fuel
Introduction
Nutritional limitations in the use of tropical by-products and waste
Practical experience with tropical by-products and wastes as feed for ruminants
An integrated system for converting tropical feeds and byproducts into milk, beef, and fuel
References
Discussion summary
Possible applications of enzyme technology in rural areas
Introduction
Biocatalytic processes
Enzyme hydrolysis of manioc
Whole cell systems
Cellulose degradation and utilization
Transfer of enzyme technology to rural communities
Conclusions
References
Discussion summary
Indian experience with treated straw as feed
Introduction
Experience with straw treatment
Field testing and demonstration of straw treatment
General considerations
Summary
Annex 1. The energy efficiency of the two-stage, feed-fuel processing of straw in indian villages
Annex 2. Method of calculating the value presented in table 2 for the efficiency of naoh energy usage
Annex 3. Recommendations to farmers on the treatment of straw
Annex 4. Calculated efficiency of milk production by straw-fed village buffaloes
References
Discussion summary
Indian experience with algal ponds
Introduction
Cultivation of algae in wastes for feed
Problems of contamination
Cultivation of algae for biofertilizer
References
Acknowledgements
Discussion summary
Organic residues in aquaculture
Introduction
The range of production in aquaculture
The value of organic wastes
Direct feeding
Concluding remarks
References
Discussion summary
Biogas generation: developments. Problems, and tasks - an overview
Introduction
What is biogas?
Microbiology of CH4, or bio-methanogenesis
The biogas plant-some technical considerations
Environmental and operational considerations
Developments and processes for rural areas
Cost-benefit analyses
Health hazards
Bottlenecks, considerations, and research and development
References
Discussion summary
Mushroom production technology for rural development
Materials and methods for growing mushrooms under natural or field conditions
Growing mushrooms under semicontrolled conditions
Results and discussion
References
Discussion summary
The combination of algal and anaerobic waste treatment in a bioregenerative farm system
Introduction
Algae production on organic wastes
The bioregenerative farm
References
Discussion summary
A continuous composting system for disposal and utilization of animal wastes at the village level
Status of land utilization and disposal of animal wastes
A continuous composting system for land utilization of animal wastes at the village level
References
Bioconversion of fruit and vegetable wastes
Integrated research on agricultural waste reclamation
Introduction
Production of yeast from soybean cooking waste at miso factories
Application of soy waste as koji substrate for rice miso manufacturing (5, 6)
Conclusion
References
Discussion summary
Solid state fermentation of starchy substrates
Introduction
Materials and methods
Agro-economic perspectives
Summary
References
Discussion summary
Production of single-cell protein from cellulose
Introduction
Experimental results
Discussion
Summary
References
Acknowledgements
Discussion summary
Analysis of energy cost of integrated systems
Energy cost and energy requirement
Why energy analysis?
Net energy intensity
What criteria are offered by energy analysis?
Conclusion
References
Analysis of bioconversion systems at the village level
Introduction
Approach to bioconversion analysis
Some results and costs from integrated systems
Future development possibilities
Conclusions
Summary
References
Nutritional evaluation of bioconversion products for farm animals
Introduction
Testing procedures for determination of nutritional value
Bioconversion products: toxicology - problems and potential
Nutritional evaluation in humans
Introduction
Evaluation of products of bioconversion for human consumption
Procedures for nutritional evaluation in humans
The evaluation of various food products
Concept of productivity
Conclusions
References
Discussion summary: Papers by van Weerden, Shacklady, and Bressani
Biomass from organic residues for animal and human feeding
Appropriate biotechnology - summary remarks
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