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Appendix A. Experience of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur, India, in the Transfer of Arid Land Technologies, Their Impact and Adoption, and Limiting Constraints
Appendix B. List of Participants
Appendix C. Programme

Appendix A. Experience of the Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI), Jodhpur, India, in the Transfer of Arid Land Technologies, Their Impact and Adoption, and Limiting Constraints

Recommended Technology	Impact/Adoption	Constraints Limiting Adoption
1. Efficient water use a. Water harvesting, terracing, contouring, terracing, levelling	Starting with 10 ha, it spread to 27 ha in 1975 and to 400 ha in 1978. Farmers now are aware about the merits of the system in stabilizing yields. Studies in one such watershed revealed 10 - 20 per cent increase in production.	1.Shortage of traction and power riding,furrowing, levelling, etc
		2. High initial investment
		3. Small and scattered holdings

b. Irrigation system
i.Sprinkler system	Farmers in the area are well aware of the merits of the system. Following demonstrations, 15 farmers are willing	1. Initial high cost
		2. Lack of servicing facilities
		3. Belief that sprinkling water may shed flowers to own the system, and thus reduce yield
		4. Belief that crop remains thirsty if irrigated by method other than flooding. Water being frequently brackish limits adoption of this.
ii.Drip/trickle	One of the farmers has already installed system the set on his farm. A few progressive farmers wish to install the system when drip nozzles are made available.	1. High initial cost
		2. Operational difficulties requiring skill
		3. Applicability to few crops

2. Fertilizer use	Over 80 per cent of the farmers are aware of the benefits of fertilizers, especially in high-value crops. Many farmers are now willing to use fertili- zers if locally available on a loan basis or deferred payment.	1. Risk of crop failure due to moisture shortage
		2. Non-availability on easy credit system
		3. Unawareness about the importance of time of application in kharif
		4. Belief that fertilizer spoils the quality of grain
		5. Lack of supplies and infrastructure on easy credit system
		6. Reluctance to apply basic half N-dose through risk of crop failure

3. Hybrid and improved crop varieties	Hybrid and improved varieties of millet, wheat, moong, raya etc. are known in the area. A large number of farmers have used high-yielding varieties of bajra and wheat and this has increased awareness among other farmers in the community.	1. Non-availability of seeds
		2. Susceptibility of hybrid (especially bajra) to ergot
		3. High input requirements, e.g., higher doses of fertilizers and plant protection
4. New crops	Potato and castor, newly introduced crops, have created a wide interest in the area. Castor recorded high returns and was preferred to local castor or other kharif crops.	1. Lack of availability of seed potatoes
		2. High initial investment on seed needed
		3. Castor was not preferred as pure crop because crops farmers insist on planting grain
		4. Hydrids/new crops need high amounts of fertilizer, more water, and better management
		5. Domination of opinions of village elders, non-responsive to new technologies
		6. Marketing problems
5. a. Use of pesticides and weedicides	Majority of the farmers are aware of the merit of the use of insecticides and pesticides such as B.H.C. Rogor, Malathion, Democran, etc., which are in use in farmers' fields, especially those having double-cropping or an assured water supply	1. Non-availability of chemicals at right time
		2. Adulterated, poor quality products
		3. Non-availability of equipment and servicing of machines
		4. Inadequate training in methods of application and correct dosages
		5. Belief that use of pesticides poisons grain
b. Horticulture	Demonstration of Ber (Zizyphus mauritania) started in 2 ha plot has made a good impact. There is a great demand for grafted seedlings within arid areas, even from other states.	1. Non-availability of grafted seedlings
		2. Fencing required, at high cost
		3. Inadequate skills in budding and non- availability of budding material
		4. Susceptibility to frost
c. Sand-dune
Stabilization	Demonstrated in 3 ha plot initially, and now taken up in another 20 ha.	1. Heavy initial cost of fencing
		2. Returns only after 6 - 8 years, compared with immediate return from crops in favourable rainfall years
		3. Non-availability of planting material
d. Range management and pasture development	Started in 2 ha area and spread to 16 ha. There is a reasonably high awareness. Villages in the area have agreed to plantations on 100 ha of common land. A high demand for seeds of improved grasses such as C. ciliaris and C. setigerus is being received from other parts of the state.	1. Poor grass establishment due to re shortage of moisture at the initial stage, to erosional hazards on sloping lands, or to rodent damage
		2. Competition between grass and food crop, farmer's preference for the latter
		3. Shortage of large-scale community lands in the villages for pasture
		4. High cost of fencing material for protection against stray cattle
		5. Small and scattered holdings
e. Animal husbandry programmes	Improved rams received from a sister institute (Central Sheep & Wool Res. Institute) have made a limited impact so far.	1. The colour of the sheep is black and white, and the farmers prefer white
		2. The animal requires more care
f. Rodent and other		1. Problems of securing community pest management participation in frequent and large-scale operations for control of rodents limit adoption 2. Rodenticides or pesticides are not easily available
g. Biogas plants	One unit was installed in 1976. Several are interested in having such units, but have not yet adopted them.	1. High initial cost
		2. Not available locally
		3. Daily requirement of water, which is not available at many locations
h. Solar energy devices	One solar water heater and a solar cooker have been demonstrated since 1975, but no impact so far.	1. Hot water is not required by the villagers all the year, only in months of December-February
		2. Cooking is done in early mornings and late evenings, when these devices do not provide heat

Appendix B. List of Participants

Dr. A. B. A. G. Babiker, Department of Geography, Faculty of Education, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan.

Dr. Randall Baker, School of Development Studies, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.

Dr. F. F. Bebawi, Department of Agricultural Botany, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan.

Dr. A. C. J. Burgers, Senior Programme Officer, United Nations University, 29th Floor, Toho Seimei Building, 15-1, Shibuya 2-chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan.

Professor R. U. Cooke, Department of Geography, Bedford College, University of London, Regent's Park, London NW1 4NS, UK.

Dr. R. Cordes, Geographisches Institut, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 5, 3400 Göttingen, Federal Republic of Germany.

Dr. J. Cuttaree, Programme Specialist, Division of Ecological Sciences, UNESCO, 7, Place de Fontenoy, Paris 75700, France.

Dr. H. R. J. Davies, Department of Geography, University College, Singleton Park, Swansea, West Glam. SA2 8PP, UK.

Dr. J. C. Doornkamp, Department of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK.

Professor M. D. el-Khalifa, Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan.

Professor J. Gallais, Centre de Recherche sur le Développement et Aménagement Régional, Université de Rouen, rue Lavoisier, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.

Dr. G. Glaser, Programme Specialist, Division of Ecological Sciences, UNESCO, 7, Place de Fontenoy, Paris 75700, France.

Mr. A. T. Grove, Reader in African Geography, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Place, Cambridge CB2 3EN, UK.

Dr. J. H¢gel, Chief, Desertification Unit, United Nations Environment Programme, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya.

Dr. F. N. lbrahim, Institut für Geographie, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 55, 2000 Hamburg 13, Federal Republic of Germany.

Dr. Douglas L. Johnson, Graduate School of Geography, Clark University, 950 Main Street, Worcester, Mass. 01610, USA.

Professor M. M. Khogali, Department of Geography, Faculty of Education, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 321, Khartoum, Sudan.

Professor I. Kobori, Department of Geography, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan.

Professor J. A. Mabbutt, School of Geography, University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia.

Dr. H. S. Mann. Director, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, India.

Professor W. Meckelein, Director, Geographisches Institut, Universität Stuttgart, 7000 Stuttgart 1, Silcherstrasse 9, Federal Republic of Germany.

Dr. R. Mendez, Deputy Director for Desertification Control Activities, United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office, One United Nations Plaza, Suite DC-1100, New York, N.Y.10017, USA.

Professor H. Mensching, Director, Institute für Geographie, Universität Hamburg, 2000 Hamburg 13, Bundesstrasse 55, Federal Republic of Germany.

Dr. Roberto Nava, Universidad Autonomia Agraria "Antonio Narro," Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.

Dr. R. S. Odingo, Senior Programme Officer, United Nations University, 29th Floor, Toho Seimei Building, 15-1, Shibuya 2chome, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150, Japan.

Dr. D. F. Owen, Oxford Polytechnic, Gips Lane, Headington, Oxford, OX3 OBP, UK.

Professor Anders Rapp, Department of Physical Geography, Lund University, Solvegotan 13, S223 62 Lund, Sweden.

Dr. Amos Richmond, Institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sde Boker Campus, Beersheva 84120, Israel.

Professor Brian Spooner, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 33rd & Spruce Streets, F 1, Philadelphia, Pa. 19004, USA.

Professor C. Sung-Chiao, Institute of Geography, Academia Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Professor H.-U. Thimm, Centre for Regional Development Research, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, D-6300 Giessen, Diezstrasse 15, Federal Republic of Germany.

Dr. H. Th. Verstappen, International Institute for Aerial Survey and Earth Sciences Sciences (ITC), 350 Boulevard 1945, Enschede, Netherlands.

Appendix C. Programme

Workshop on Research and Training for Management of Arid Lands Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg 29 October-2 November 1979

Monday 29 October

10.15 am	OPENING ADDRESS
	Dr Fischer-Appelt, President of the University of Hamburg
	SESSION I—INTRODUCTORY
	Chairman: Professor G. Fischer, Dean of the Faculty of Geosciences, University of Hamburg
	Dr. A. C. J. Burgers—UNU Natural Resources Programme
	Professor J. A. Mabbutt—Arid Lands Sub-programme
	Professor H. Mensching—Work of the Hamburg Geographical Institute related to the Arid Lands Sub-Programme
	SESSION II —REVIEW OF PROGRESS ON SUPPORTIVE INVESTIGATIONS AND RESEARCH PROJECTS AND DISCUSSIONS ON FUTURE PRIORITIES
2.00-3.30 pm	Working Group Sessions
	Group A Leader: Gallais
	Reports for discussion:
	Cordes: Development Schemes and Projects in the Rural-Nomadic Regions of the United Arab Emirates and the Sultanate of Oman
	Khogali: Nomadic Sedentarization in the Sudan and Neighbouring Countries
	Thimm: Socio-economic Assessment of Development Projects in the Sudan
	Other group members: Burgers H¢gel Mendez Baker
	Ibrahim Davies (R) Bebawi
	Group B Leader: Herzog Reports for discussion: Johnson: Management Strategies for Non-urban Drylands: Preliminary Principles Spooner:
	Ecological Approaches to Human-Use Systems in Arid Lands Owen:
	Sung-Chiao Nava el-Khalifa Glaser Odingo (R) Kobori Ecological Implications of Land Use in Arid Africa Other group members:
	Group C Leader: Rapp
	Reports for discussion:
	Cooke et al.: Assessment of Geomorphological Problems in Urban Areas of Drylands Richmond: Arid Zone Settlement—the Israeli Experience
	Mabbutt: Impact of an Arid Zone Research Station on Local Land-Use Problems
	Other group members: Mensching Meckelein Verstappen
	Grove (R) Mann Babiker Cuttaree

4.00-5.50 pm	Plenary Session
	Chairman: Babiker; Rapporteur: Kobori
	Discussion paper:
	Meckelein: The Crisis of Saharan Oases, or "Challenge to Research"
	Working Group reports
	General discussion
6.15 pm	EVENING RECEPTION
	Given by the President of the University of Hamburg at the University Staff Centre
Tuesday 30 October
	SESSION III—STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT, EXTENSION, AND MANAGEMENT IN THE DRYLANDS

9.00-10.30 am
	Working Group Sessions
	Group A Leader: el-Khalifa
	Reports for discussion:
	Johnson: Management Strategies for Drylands: An Interim Report
	Baker:Research Priorities and Directions for Arid Lands Development and
	Other group members: Sung-Chiao - (R) -Meckelein - Mensching Rapp Ibrahim - Thimm - Mabbutt Group B Leader: Mendez Reports for discussion: Spooner: Strategies for Management and Development in Arid Lands Babiker: The Role of Rural Industries in the Arid and Semi-arid Areas of the Sudan Other group members: Davies Kobori Cooke Burgers (R) Khogali Glaser H¢gel Verstappen Group C Leader: Herzog Reports for discussion: Richmond: New Approaches for Plant Production in Arid Lands Nava: Alternatives for the Development and Management of the Arid Lands in Mexico Other group members: Gallais - Odingo - Owne (R) - Grove Cordes - Mann - Bebawi - Cuttaree

11.00 am-12 noon	Plenary Session
	Chairman: Mann; Rapporteur: Ibrahim
	Working Group reports
	General discussion
	SESSION IV—PROGRESS IN RESEARCH AND TRAINING PROGRAMMES AT THE INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM, AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT
2.00-3.30 pm	Reports on Progress
	Chairman: Mabbutt; Rapporteur: Johnson
	Speakers: el-Khalifa Khogali Bebawi
	General discussion
4.00-5.30 pm	Further Developments
	Chairman: Thimm; Rapporteur: Doornkamp
	Speakers: Ibrahim Davies
	General discussion

Wednesday 31 October

	SESSION V—AN AFRICAN NETWORK FOR RESEARCH AND TRAINING SOUTH OF THE SAHARA LINKED WITH THE UNIVERSITY OF KHARTOUM
9.00-10.30 am	Working Group Sessions
	Group A Leader: Davies
	Discussion paper:
	Grove: Needs for Research and Training for Arid Lands Development in Africa South of the Sahara
	Other group members: Mann Meckelein Baker (R)
	Rapp Odingo Babiker
	Group B Leader: Mensching
	Discussion paper:
	Group C Leader: Richmond
	Discussion paper:
	Galla is: Needs for Research and Training in francophone Africa South of the Sahara
	Other group members: Verstappen (R) Burgers Kobori
	Mendez Cordes
	Group D Leader: Hogel
	Discussion paper:
	Khogali: Capabilities for Training at the University of Khartoum
	Other group members: Spooner Nava Johnson el Khalifa, Cooke (R) Sung-Chiao

11.00 am-12 noon	Plenary Session
	Chairman: Rapp; Rapporteur: Mann
	Working Group reports
	General discussion
1.45 pm	LOCAL EXCURSION
	Tour of Port and City of Hamburg
	Guide: Dr. U. Wolfram, Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg
7.00 pm	WELCOME PARTY
7.00 pm	Given by H. Mensching in the Library of the Geographical Institute
Thursday 1 November	SESSION VI—COLLABORATION WITH OTHER UNITED NATIONS PROGRAMMES
9.0-12.30 pm	Chairman: Mabbutt; Rapporteur: Bebawi
	Hogel: Scope for Interaction between the UNU Arid Lands Subprogramme
	and Activities of the Desertification Group of UNEP
	Cuttaree: Scope for Interaction between the MAB Programme and UNU Arid Lands Sub-programme
	Mendez: Combating Desertification in the Sudano-Sahelian Region and the Role of the United Nations Sudano-Sahelian Office (UNSO)
	SESSION VII—CURRICULA FOR TRAINING PROGRAMMES IN ARID LANDS MANAGEMENT
2.00-5.00 pm	Chairman: Spooner; Rapporteur: Cooke el-Khalifa: Relevance to the UNU Sub-programme of Postgraduate Training in Environmental Science at the University of Khartoum Davies: Priorities in Training Programmes for Management of African Drylands
	Verstappen: Methodology for Training Programmes for Management of African Drylands
	Thimm: Structure of Training Programmes for Management of African Drylands
	Mann: Operational Research Project on Arid Lands Management: An Interim Report
5.00 pm	CLOSING SESSION
5.00 pm	Chairman: Mabbutt

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