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1. Dirección de Estadísticas y Censos, "Encuesta Nacional sobre ingresos familiares." March- June,1968.
2 O. Ruiz, S. Valiente, R. Chateauneuf, and E. Solfate, "The Tendency of the Food Buying Power of the Lower Income Urban Population 1968 - 1976." Aprt No. 126/78, INTA, University of Chile, 1978.
3. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas, Indice trimestral de Sueldos y Salarios.
4. O, Ruiz, E. Solfate, l. Segure, l. Trufello, and S. Valiente, "Agrupacion de datos demográficos con fines nutricionales, 1970." Doc Técnico UPAN-INTA, Chile, 1977.
5. Raciones A haste N: Sta. Maria, J., A. Arteaga, and S. Valiente, "Metas de disponibilidad alimentaria nacional." Depto. de Nutricion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, 1970.
6. Ración O: J. Kain, B. Avila, and S. Valiente, "Metas de disponibilidad alimentaria nacional. Chile 1970 - 1980." INTA. University of Chile, 1977.
7, F, Machicado, "La Redistribución del Ingreso en Chile y su Impacto en la Estructura de Consumo de Alimentos Esenciales." Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1970 - 1971, p.15.
8. Dirección de Estadisticas y Censos, "Encuesta Nacional de Presupuestos familiares. Distribución del gasto familiar en el gran Santiago," September 1968-August 1969.
9. Instituto Nacional de Estadisticas, Indice Mensual de Precios al Consumidor.
10. Banco Central de Chile, Boletin No 546, August, 1973.
11. N. Garcia, "Algunos Aspectos de la politica de Corto Plaza." In: La Economia chilena en 1971, University of Chile, 1972.
12. L. Collyer, E. Sinay, and G. Aceltuno, "Algunos Aspectos de la Comercializacion y Distribu cion interna." In: La Economia chilena en 1971. University of Chile.
13. J. Lopez, "La Economia Politica de la Unidad Popular. Una Evaluación de su Primer ano de Gobierno." In: La Economía chilena en 1971. University of Chile, 1972.
14. J. Ramos, "El Costo social hechos e Interpretaciones." In: Informe económico. Depto. de Economía, University of Chile, 1 en Semestre, 1975.
15. A.Cofre, "La Situación del Empleo." In: Taller de Coyuntura. Comentarios sobre la Situación Económica Publ, No. 36, 1er. semestre, 1976.
16. TERRA Institute, "A Research Report." (Resumen antecedentes sobre Abastecimiento de Alimentos básicos en Chile. Informe al Consejo Nacional pare la Alimentación y Nutrición.)
17. H. Behm, Mortalidad infantil y Nivel de Vida. Universitaria, 1962.
18. R.R. Puffer, and C.V. Serrano, "El Peso al Nacer, la Edad materna y el Orden de Nacimientos. Tres importantes Determinantes de la Mortalidad infantil. Informes OPS, 1975.
19. F, Mardones, "La Mortalidad infantil y sus últimos Descensos." Revista Mensaje, 1977. p. 577.
20. Chilean Ministry of Health, Anuario 1977. Atenciones y Recursos. May, 1978.
21. F. Mönckeberg, Informe de Actividades de/ Consejo Nacional pare la Alimentación y Nutrición, 1977.
Statistical Appendix
FIG. 1. Index of the Food Buying Capacity of the Chilean Population 1968 - 1976, by Quarters
TABLE 1. Number of Poor in Chile, by Monthly Income Per Family
| Total population | % | Not poor (more than US$100) | % | Poor (between US$50& $100) | % | Very poor (less than US$50) | % |
| Total: | |||||||
| 9,025,000 | 100 | 4,123,925 | 44 | 2,808,400 | 31 | 2,272,675 | 25 |
| Urban: | |||||||
| 6,317,500 | 100 | 3,348,275 | 53 | 1,900,304 | 30 | 1,068,921 | 17 |
| Rural: | |||||||
| 2,707,500 | 100 | 595,650 | 22 | 908,096 | 34 | 1,203,754 | 44 |
Source: Calculations based on Table 4.2.1, Division of Statistics and Census of Chile (DEC) national sampling of income per family, 1968.
TABLE 2. Distribution (%) of Poor Urban Households by Occupation of the Head of Household
| Occupational category | % of homes |
| Employers | 0.2 |
| Self-employed | 21.2 |
| Office workers | 18.1 |
| Labourers | 41.6 |
| Retired or receiving a pension | 11.8, |
| Living off a rental | 6.8 |
| No information | 0.3 |
| 100.0 |
Source: Calculations based on data supplied by the Division of Statistics and Census of Chile, national sampling of income per family, 1968, pp. 33-34.
TABLE 3. Average Monthly Income of Urban Labourers and Office Workers in 1968
| 1968 Escudos (E) | US$ (E7.82 = 1 $US) | |
| Office workers | 1,462 | 187 |
| Labourers | 651 | 83 |
| Poor office workers | 545 | 70 |
| Poor labourers | 447 | 57 |
Source: Calculations based on data supplied by the Division of Statistics and Census of Chile, national sampling of income per family, 1968, pp. 33-34.
TABLE 4. Types of Model Rations for the Population of Chile by Nutritional Category, According to Age, Sex, Degree of Activity, and Physiological State
| Nutritional categories | Population per nutritional category (thousands)* | Type of ration** |
| Breast-fed 0 - 1 year | 179 |
O+ |
| Infants 1 - 2 years | 204 |
A |
| Pre-school, 2 - 5 years | 1,108 |
B |
| School age, 6 - 8 years | 747 |
C |
| School age, 9 - 11 years | 694 |
D |
| Pubescent boys, no extra activity | 594 |
E |
| Pubescent girls, no extra activity | ||
| Pubescent girls, with extra activity | ||
| Adolescent girls, no extra activity | 284 |
F |
| Adolescent girls, with extra activity | 206 |
G |
| Pubescent boys, with extra activity | 264 |
H |
| Adolescent boys, without extra activity | ||
| Adolescent boys, with extra activity | 200 |
I |
| Men 20 - 44 years, little activity | 1,761 |
J |
| Men 45 - 64 years, little activity | ||
| Men over 65 years, little activity | ||
| Men over 65, medium activity | ||
| Women 20 - 44 years, little activity | ||
| Women 45 - 64 years, little activity | ||
| Women over 65, little activity | ||
| Women over 65, medium activity | ||
| Men 45 - 64 years, medium activity | 1,695 |
K |
| Women 20 - 44 years, medium activity | ||
| Women 45 - 64 years, medium activity | ||
| Men 20 - 44 years, medium activity | 461 |
L |
| Men 65 and over, very active | ||
| Men 45 - 64 years, very active | 164 |
M |
| Men 20 - 44 years, very active | 399 |
N |
* Ref. 4
** Ref. 5
+ Ref. 6
Note: The concept of elasticity as applied in this study refers to the relationship between the percentile variations that manifest themselves in the demand for an item with an increase of 1% in total spending.
TABLE 5. Percentage of Total Spending by Category of Elasticity for Different Income Levels
Category of elasticities |
Levels in US$ |
US$ 0 - 100 |
US$ 101 - 200 |
US$ 201 - 300 |
US$ 301 - 400 |
| Negative | 2 | 21 | 32 | 4 | |
| Between 0 - 1 | 89 | 59 | 59 | 92 | |
| More than 1 | 9 | 20 | 9 | 4 | |
| Total spending | 100% | 100% | 100% | 100% |
Source: Ref 7
Note: The concept of elasticity as applied in this study refers to the relationship between the percentile variations that manifest themselves in the demand for an item with an increase of 1% in total spending.
TABLE 6. Food Spending Index: List of Foods and Weighting in the Index
| Products and food groups | Unit |
Quantity |
Weighting in the index |
Weighting of food group |
| Milks | ||||
| Pasteurized milk | litres | 10.14 l | 6.93 | |
| Powdered milk | 450 g can | 0.33 kg | 7.40 | |
| Cheese | kg | 0.16 kg | 3.12 | |
| Condensed and other milk products | 400 g can | 0.50 can | 0.08 | 17.53 |
| Meats | ||||
| Beefsteak | kg | 0.15 kg | 2.67 | |
| Stew meat | kg | 0.96 kg | 4.02 | |
| Hindquarter cuts | kg | 0.09 kg | 1.43 | |
| Lamb cuts | kg | 0.09 kg | 0.75 | |
| Pork chops | kg | 0.09 kg | 1.22 | |
| Whole chicken | kg | 0.24 kg | 2.14 | 12.23 |
| Fish and seafood | ||||
| Fresh fish | kg | 1.08 kg | 1.31 | |
| Canned tuna | 400 g can | 0.08 can | 0.47 | |
| Seafood (clams, shrimp) | unit | 0.23 unit | 1.65 | 3.43 |
| Eggs | ||||
| Eggs | unit | 14 units | 6.22 | 6.22 |
| Legumes | ||||
| Beans | kg | 0.66 kg | 1.41 | |
| Green peas | kg | 0.18 | 0.43 | 1.84 |
| Tubers | ||||
| Potatoes | kg | 6.72 kg | 4.90 | 4.90 |
| Vegetables | ||||
| Onions | kg | 2.61 kg | 4.34 | |
| Lettuce | unit | 9.24 unit | 1.92 | 6.26 |
| Fruits | ||||
| Oranges | kg | 1.68 kg | 4.24 | |
| Apples | kg | 1.86 kg | 6.68 | |
| Bananas | kg | 1.47 kg | 3.31 | |
| Stewed dried fruits | kg | 0.27 kg | 3.44 | 17.67 |
| Bread | ||||
| Bread | kg | 9.03 kg | 14.37 | 14.37 |
| Flours | ||||
| Common flour | kg | 0.33 kg | 0.43 | |
| Corn flour | 250 g pkg. | 0.36 pkg. | 0.38 | |
| Noodles, spaghetti | 500 g pkg. | 0.78 pkg. | 1.62 | |
| White flour | kg | 0.03 kg | 0.09 | |
| Semolina | kg | 0.03 kg | 0.04 | |
| Rice | kg | 0.33 kg | 0.60 | 3.16 |
| Sugar | ||||
| Sugar | kg | 1.08 kg | 2.63 | |
| Jam | kg | 0.03 kg | 0.08 | |
| Carbonated soft drinks | unit 175 cc | 0.01 unit | 0.01 | 2.72 |
| Fats and oils | ||||
| Oil | liters | 0.42 liter | 2.35 | |
| Margarine | kg | 0.21 kg | 2.50 | |
| Butter | kg | 0.21 kg | 3.27 | |
| Lard | kg | 0.21 | 1.55 | 9.67 |
| Total | 100.00 | |||
TABLE 7. Prices of Basic Foods, 1968-1976
Retail prices of foods, 1968-1976 Nominal prices (np) and Real prices (rp) in 1968 E° |
|||||||||||
I-68 |
I-69 |
I-70 |
I-71 |
I-72 |
I-73 |
I-74 |
I-75 |
I-76 |
IV-76 |
||
| Milk (litre) | np | 0.50 | 0.59 | 0.74 | 1.27 | 1.30 | 3.50 | 53.53 | 280.00 | 1,340.00 | 3,730.00 |
| rp | 0.50 | 0.46 | 0.38 | 0.54 | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.61 | 0.74 | |
| Beef "hind cuts", kg | np | 7.43 | 13.68 | 19.09 | 26.54 | 37.00 | 90.00 | 1,250.00 | 3,023.00 | 12,090.00 | 50,180.00 |
| rp | 7.43 | 10.85 | 9.99 | 11.43 | 11.41 | 5.80 | 13.32 | 6.42 | 5.58 | 10.00 | |
| Eggs (unit) | np | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.60 | 1.02 | 3.97 | 16.55 | 69.00 | 357.00 | 1,050.00 |
| rp | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.17 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.20 | |
| Beans, kg | np | 1.17 | 1.55 | 2.22 | 5.05 | 5.29 | 18.56 | 85.16 | 730.00 | 9,350.00 | 14,120.00 |
| rp | 1.17 | 1.23 | 1.16 | 2.16 | 1.63 | 1.19 | 0.9 | 1.55 | 4.31 | 2.81 | |
| Bread, kg | np | 0.87 | 1.01 | 1.40 | 2.70 | 2.70 | 6.40 | 40.00 | 550.00 | 2,410.00 | 4,100.00 |
| rp | 0.87 | 0.80 | 0.73 | 1.16 | 0.83 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 1.16 | 1.11 | 0.81 | |
| Noodles (500g) | np | 1.02 | 1.24 | 1.60 | 1.87 | 1.89 | 3.71 | 25.86 | 456.00 | 3,380.00 | 4,930.00 |
| rp | 1.02 | 0.98 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.58 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.96 | 1.56 | 0.98 | |
| Sugar, kg | np | 1.49 | 1.87 | 2.82 | 3.24 | 4.40 | 12.00 | 232.00 | 1,200.00 | 3,850.00 | 7,240.00 |
| rp | 1.49 | 1.48 | 1.47 | 1.39 | 1.35 | 0.77 | 2.47 | 2.54 | 1.77 | 1.44 | |
| Oil, litre | np | 3.06 | 4.45 | 5.73 | 7.47 | 8.48 | 14.40 | 414.00 | 2,270.00 | 6,630.00 | 17,070.00 |
| rp | 3.06 | 3.53 | 3.00 | 3.21 | 2.61 | 0.92 | 4.41 | 4.22 | 3.06 | 3.40 | |
| Leafy vegetables (unit) | np | 0.20 | 0.14 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.85 | 3.52 | 22.65 | 39.00 | 200.00 | 220.00 |
| rp | 0.20 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.04 | |
Source: The nominal prices correspond to those registered by the National Institute of Statistics. The real prices have been obtained after being deflated by the IGA.
TABLE 8. Weighting of Foods in the Spending Indices
| Index of food prices (IPC) | Index of food spending (IGA) | |
| Food group | (%) | (%) |
| Milk | 9.41 | 17.53 |
| Meat | 13.43 | 12.23 |
| Fish | 4.37 | 3.43 |
| Eggs | 2.21 | 6.22 |
| Legumes | 6.76 | 1.84 |
| Tubers | 5.44 | 4.90 |
| Vegetables | 10.45 | 6.26 |
| Fruits | 4.87 | 17.67 |
| Bread | 14 85 | 14.37 |
| Flours | 16.97 | 3.16 |
| Sugar | 5.39 | 2.72 |
| Oils and fats | 5.85 | 9.67 |
| Total | 100.00 | 100.00 |
Source: IPC: National Institute of Statistics. To compare this index with the IGA, the component of food is weighted as 100% and the other categories are eliminated (for IGA-see table 3)
TABLE 9. Chile: Infant Death Rates (TMI) and Birth Rates, 1968 - 1976
| Year | TMI (%)* | Birth rate (%)** |
| 1968 | 83.5 | 29.1 |
| 1969 | 78.7 | 27.5 |
| 1970 | 79.3 | 26.8 |
| 1971 | 70.5 | 28.7 |
| 1972 | 71.1 | 28.6 |
| 1973 | 65.2 | 27.9 |
| 1974 | 63.3 | 26.6 |
| 1975 | 55.4 | 25.0 |
| 1976 | 54.7 | 23.4 |
Source: Faculty of Medicine, Sede Oriente, Universidad de Chile * Rate per 1,000 live-born
** Per 1,000 inhabitants
TABLE 10. Total Percentage of Undernourished Children and Differences by Age Group
| Year | 1975 | 1976 | Difference |
| Undernourished | 157,182 | 166,774 | 76/75 |
| % Undernourished | 15.5 | 15.9 | 2.6% |
| Ages | % | % | % |
| 0 - 5 months | 12.3 | 11.2 | -8.9 |
| 6 - 11 months | 18.0 | 18.5 | 3.5 |
| 12 - 23 months | 19.0 | 19.4 | 2.1 |
| 2 - 5 years | 14.5 | 15.2 | 4.8 |
Source: Calculations based on data supplied by the Ministry of Health, Yearbook 1977.
TABLE 11. Increase in the Number of Malnourished Children (%\ between 1975-1976, by Degree of Malnutrition
| 1975 | 1976 | Difference | |||
| No. | % | No. | % | 76/75 | |
| Total undernourished | 157,182 | 100 | 166,774 | 100 | % |
| Slight | 122,216 | 77.8 | 126,621 | 75.9 | -2 |
| Intermediate | 27,566 | 17.5 | 31,366 | 18.8 | 7 |
| Severe | 7,400 | 4.7 | 8,787 | 5.3 | 13 |
Source: Calculations based on data supplied by the Ministry of Health, Yearbook 1977.
TABLE 12. Average Calorie and Protein Consumption Per Person Per Day, by Level of Income, 1968
| Income levels US$ | 0 - 100 | 101 - 200 | 201 - 300 | 301 - 400 | 401 or more | Average |
| Calories/day | 1,593 | 2,074 | 2,149 | 2,214 | 2,645 | 1,871 |
| Protein (g/day) | 39 | 52 | 57 | 65 | 84 | 48 |
Source: Calculations based on data supplied by F Machicado, Ref. 7, p. 15.
Notes:
(1) Index of spending-Laspeyres type:
Pti= price of food i in period t
Poi= price of food i in period o
i = 1..37 foods
i = 1..36 quarters
(2) ICCA
t = 1, 2 . . . 36
As the base period was chosen for both indices, the denominator equals 1, and the ICCA is calculated using only the numerator.
