Previous - Next
This is the old United Nations University website. Visit the new site at http://unu.edu
1. Raúl Prebish, "El Falso Dilema entre Desarrollo Económico y Estabilidad Monetaria." CEPAL, Boletin Economico pare America Latina, Vol. 1, March 20, 1961.
2. J. Noyola, cited in Enrique Sierra, "Tres Ensayos de Estabilización en Chile."
3. CEPAL, "Estudios Economicos de America Latina," 1963, 1965, 1967.
4. Oficina Nacional de Planificación, PLANDES 26. Republica Dominicana, Global Diagnostic
Tables.
5. Celso Furtado, La economia latino-americana desde la conquista ibérica haste la revolución cubana, p. 65.
6. CEPAL, "EI Desarrollo Económico de America Latina en la Postguerra," 1963.
7. F. Machicado, "La Redistribución del Ingreso en Chile y su Impacto en la Estructura de Con sumo de Alimentos Esenciales," Land Tenure Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
1970-1971.
8. Secretaria de Estado de Agricultura, "Diagnóstico y Estrategia de Desarrollo Agropecuario,
1976 - 1986, Republica Dominicana."
9. Plan de Mediano Plazo (Preliminar). República Dominicana, p. 17.
10. F. Machicado, "Evaluacion del Credito Agricola Otorgado por la Reforma Agraria Chilena."
ICIRA, Chile, 1977.
TABLE 1. Income Distribution in 1970 (income levels according to monthly income per family)
Dominican Republic* |
Chile* * |
||||
Income levels |
Total population |
Total income |
Income levels |
Total population |
Total income |
(pesos) |
(%) |
(%) |
No. minimum wage earners in family |
(%) |
(%) |
| Up to 50.0 | 49.5 | 16.4 | Up to 2 | 54.3 | 17.2 |
| 50.1 to 100.0 | 26.0 | 17.2 | 2 to 4 | 25.7 | 18.7 |
| 100.1 to 300.0 | 18.0 | 26.9 | 4 to 8 | 11.1 | 14.7 |
| Over 300.0 | 5.7 | 39.5 | over 8 | 8.9 | 49.4 |
| Total | 99.2 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
* Source: Diagnóstico y Estrategia de Desarrollo
Agropecuario, 1976-1986, Dominican Republic (Ref. 8).
** F. Machicado, Ref. 7.
TABLE 2. Behaviour of the Industrial Sector (excluding sugar, mining, and power) at 1962 Prices Financial Indicators*
| A | B | C | D | E | |
| Year | Productivity | VA/GPV | Salaries/VA | VA/K | Nl/TI |
| 1966 | 3,302 | 0.475 | 0.279 | 1.25 | 0.700 |
| 1970 | 4,304 | 0.477 | 0.191 | 1.39 | 0.647 |
| 1973 | 4,607 | 0.558 | 0.166 | 1.89 | 0.560 |
* VA = value added; GPV = gross production value; Nl = national input; Tl = total input;
K = invested capital; productivity = VA (constant pricesl/no. of workers.
TABLE 3. Redistribution of Income (1970-1973) in the Dominican Republic
| Income levels (pesos) | Total population (%) | Total income 1970 (%) | Total income 1973 (%) |
| Up to 50.0 | 49.5 | 16.42 | 12.78 |
| 50.1 to 100.0 | 26.0 | 17.20 | 16.15 |
| 100.1 to 300.0 | 18.8 | 26.91 | 28.06 |
| 300.1 and over | 5.7 | 39.47 | 43.01 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Source: Diagnostico y Estrategia del Desarrollo Agropecuario, 1976-1986, Dominican Republic (Ref. 81.
TABLE 4. The Structure of Land Ownership, 1973, in the Dominican Republic
| Size of farm (in hectares) | No. of farms (%) | Surface occupied (%) |
| Up to 1.3 | 56.0 | 8.2 |
| 1.4 to 6.3 | 20.5 | 9.3 |
| 6.4 to 31.4 | 21.2 | 38.2 |
| Over 31.4 | 2.3 | 44.3 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Source: Diagnóstico y Estrategia del Desarrollo Agropecuario, 1976-1986, Dominican Republic (Ref. 8).
TABLE 5. Income Redistribution in Chile-Total Available Income, 1970-1971, in per cent
| Income levels (minimum wages) | Total population | 1970 | 1971 | Increase in real income |
| shares of income | ||||
| Up to 2 | 54.3 | 17.2 | 20.6 | 39.5 |
| 3 to 4 | 25.7 | 18.7 | 20.7 | 28.9 |
| 5 to 8 | 11.1 | 14.7 | 15.7 | 23.6 |
| Over 8 | 8.9 | 49.4 | 43.0 | 1.6 |
TABLE 6. Indebtedness by Income Levels in Chile and the Dominican Republic, 1970*
Dominican Republic |
Chile |
||||
| Income levels (pesos) | Total population (%) | Income saved (%) | Income levels (minimum wages) | Total population (%) | Income saved (%) |
| Less than 50.0 | 49.5 | -84.0 | Less than 2 | 54.3 | -63.0 |
| 50.1 to 100.0 | 26.0 | - 12.0 | 3 to 4 | 25.7 | -29.0 |
| 100.1 to 300.0 | 18.8 | -4.0 | 5 to 8 | 11.1 | - 12.8 |
| 300.1 and over | 5.7 | +3.0 | Over 8 | 8.9 | +26.8 |
| 100.0 | - 15.9 | 100.0 | -4.9 | ||
Note: (total income-total expense)/total income; (+) savings; (-) indebtedness.
TABLE 7. Composition of Total Expenses by Socio-economic Income Levels (percentage points) in the Dominican Republic and Chile
Dominican Republic |
Chile |
||||
| Income levels | Expenses for food | Expenses for other items | Income levels | Expenses for food | Expenses for other items |
| (pesos) | (%) | (%) | (minimum wages) | (%) | (%) |
| Up to 50.0 | 47.0 | 53.0 | Up to 2 | 41.4 | 58.6 |
| 50.1 to 100.0 | 50.9 | 49.1 | 3 to 4 | 31.8 | 68.2 |
| 100.1 to 300.0 | 43.2 | 56.8 | 5 to 8 | 26.8 | 73.2 |
| 300.0 and over | 25.6 | 74.4 | Over 8 | 14.8 | 85.2 |
TABLE 8. Daily Calorie and Protein Consumption, Per Person, by Socio-economic Income Level in the Dominican Republic and Chile
| Dominicain republic | Chile | |||||
| Income | Population | CaIories | Protein | Population | Calories | Protein |
| Levels | (%) | (g) | (% ) | (g) | ||
| Low | 49.5 | 1,408.4 | 27.3 | 54.3 | 1,593.0 | 38.6 |
| Low-medium | 26.0 | 1,988.2 | 42.5 | 25.7 | 2,074.0 | 51.7 |
| Medium-upper | 18.7 | 2,471.3 | 60.0 | 11.1 | 2,165.0 | 58.9 |
| Upper | 5.7 | 3,147.7 | 81.9 | 8.9 | 2,645.0 | 83.8 |
| 99.5 | 1,861.9* | 40.9* | 100.0 | 1,871.0* | 48.0* | |
Weighted average.
TABLE 9. Weights for the Consumer Price Index (CPI) in Chile
| Weighting in | Percentage average | |
| CPI | expenses at the 4 - 6 | |
| (%) | minimum wage level | |
| Food | 41.73 | 39.19 |
| Housing | 22.21 | 22.57 |
| Clothing | 14.83 | 16.62 |
| Miscellaneous | 21.23 | 21.62 |
| 100.00 | 100.00 |
Source: National Institute of Statistics (INK) and the Central Bank of Chile.
TABLE 10. Consumption Levels of Low- and High-lncome Families in the Dominican Republic and Chile
| Food | Dominican Republic | Chile | ||
| item | Low | Upper | Low | Upper |
| Yucca | 263.6 | 100.0 | * | 100.0 |
| Potato | 255.0 | 100.0 | * | 100.0 |
| Name | 155.0 | 100.0 | * | 100.0 |
| Beans | ** | 100.0 | 110.0 | 100.0 |
| Lentils | * | 100.0 | 107.0 | 100.0 |
| Fat | * | 100.0 | 221.0 | 100.0 |
| Onions | * | 100.0 | 164.0 | 100.0 |
Source: F. Machicado (Ref. 7).
* Of little relevance.
.. Less than the consumption of the richer families.
TABLE 12. Consumption of Calories Per Income Level, Chile, 1970
Monthly incomes per family, minimum wages. |
Up to 2 |
3 to 4 |
5 to 8 |
Over 8 |
|
Items |
Average |
||||
| Cereals, vegetables | 936.9 | 1,199.3 | 1,112.3 | 1,280.8 | 1,053.6 |
| Meats, fish, seafood | 43.6 | 67.1 | 111.0 | 197.7 | 69.6 |
| Milk, eggs | 100.7 | 157.0 | 216.9 | 327.7 | 166.2 |
| Oil, sugar | 414.0 | 435.6 | 596.7 | 696.7 | 476.1 |
| Roots and tubers | 69.6 | 75.5 | 88.3 | 89.5 | 75.2 |
| Fruit | 5.8 | 9.9 | 14.2 | 23.9 | 7.2 |
| Miscellaneous | 22.4 | 29.6 | 25.6 | 28.7 | 23.1 |
| Total | 1,593.0 | 1,974.0 | 2,165.0 | 2,645.0 | 1,871.0 |
TABLE 12. Consumption of Calories Per Income Level, Chile, 1970
| Monthly incomes per family, minimum wages. | Up to2 | 3to4 | 5to8 | Over8 | |
| Items | Average | ||||
| Cereals, vegetables | 936.9 | 1,199.3 | 1,112.3 | 1,280.8 | 1,053.6 |
| Meats, fish, seafood | 43.6 | 67.1 | 111.0 | 197.7 | 69.6 |
| Milk,eggs | 100.7 | 157.0 | 216.9 | 327.7 | 166.2 |
| Oil, sugar | 414.0 | 435.6 | 596.7 | 696.7 | 476.1 |
| Roots and tubers | 69.6 | 75.5 | 88.3 | 89.5 | 75.2 |
| Fruit | 5.8 | 9.9 | 14.2 | 23.9 | 7.2 |
| Miscellaneous | 22.4 | 29.6 | 25.6 | 28.7 | 23.1 |
| Total | 1,593.0 | 1,974.0 | 2,165.0 | 2,645.0 | 1,871.0 |
TABLE 13. Caloric and Protein Contribution of the Major Food Groups, 1970, in the Dominican Republic and Chile (percentage of weighted average)
Dominican Republic |
Chile |
|||
| Calories (%) | Protein (9) | Calories (%) | Protein (9) | |
| Cereals and vegetables | 37.8 | 43.2 | 56.3 | 57.1 |
| Meat, fish, and seafood | 6.1 | 30.4 | 3.8 | 21.1 |
| Milk and eggs | 5.1 | 11.9 | 9.9 | 12.9 |
| Oil and sugar | 27.7 | - | 25.4 | |
| Roots and tubers | 11.8 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 7.3 |
| Fruit | 10.4 | 7.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 |
| Miscellaneous | 1.1 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 1.5 |
| Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
TABLE 14. The Redistribution of Income in Chile (1970-1971) and Its Impact on Total Spending and Indebtedness of Families
| Income levels (minimum wages) | Increase in income* | Increase in total spending* | Savings (+) 1970 | Indebted. ness (-) |
| 1970-1971 (%) | 1970-1971 (%) | (%) | 1971 (%) | |
| 0 - 2 | 39.5 | 24.2 | -63.0 | -45.0 |
| 2 - 4 | 28.9 | 18.6 | -29.0 | -18.7 |
| 4 - 6 | 24.0 | 15.9 | -12.4 | -5.1 |
| 6 - 8 | 22.9 | 12.6 | - 13.5 | -5.1 |
| 8 - 10 | 18.3 | 9.0 | -13.5 | -4.1 |
| 10 and over | 0.2 | - | +30.3 | +30.6 |
| Average | 16.4 | 13.5 | -4.7 | -2.2 |
* Total income and spending per family.
TABLE 15. Income Redistribution in Chile, 1970-1971, and Its Impact on Spending and Food Consumption
| Income levels | % increase in | Increase in daily consumption per capita: | |
| (minimum wages) | food spending | Calories | Protein (9) |
| 0 - 2 | 12.7 | 9.6 | 10.8 |
| 2 - 4 | 12.7 | 4.8 | 9.4 |
| 4-6 | 9.5 | 6.2 | 8.4 |
| 6-8 | 5.7 | 3.0 | 4.4 |
| 8 and over* | |||
' Considered to have remained constant.
TABLE 16. Requirements and Daily Nutrient Consumption in Chile, 1970 and 1971
Nutrient requirements |
No. of minimum wages/family |
||||||
Up to 2 |
2 – 4 |
4 – 6 |
6 – 8 |
8 and over |
Average |
||
| Population (%) | 54.3 | 25.7 | 8.3 | 2.8 | 8.9 | 100.0 | |
| Calories (1970) | 2,390 | 1,593 | 2,074 | 2,149 | 2,214 | 2,645 | 1,871 |
| Calories (1971) | 2,390 | 1,747 | 2,175 | 2,284 | 2,282 | 2,645 | 1,997 |
| Change between 1970 - 1971 |
+154 | +101 | +135 | +68 | 0 | +126 | |
| Protein (g) (1970) |
46.0 | 38.6 | 51.7 | 56.9 | 64.9 | 83.8 | 48.0 |
| Protein (g) (1971) |
46.0 | 42.8 | 56.6 | 56.9 | 67.8 | 83.8 | 52.3 |
| Change between 1970 - 1971 |
+4.2 | +4.9 | +4.8 | +2.9 | 0 | +4.3 | |
TABLE 17. The Impact of Increased Consumption on Availability of Some Food Items in Chile
| Item | 1970 | 1971 | Increase |
| Chicken | 100.0 | 117.3 | 17.3 |
| Beef | 100.0 | 114.8 | 14.8 |
| Rice | 100.0 | 113.1 | 13.1 |
| Wheat | 100.0 | 108.6 | 8.6 |
| Potatoes | 100.0 | 106.8 | 6.8 |
| Sugar | 100.0 | 105.0 | 5.0 |
| Oil | 100.0 | 112.0 | 12.0 |
Source: F. Machicado (Ref. 7)
TABLE 18. Increase in Consumer Price Index, Chile 1969
| Year | Consumer price index | |
| 1969 | December | 100.0 |
| 1970 | January | 106.80 |
| December | 134.94 | |
| 1971 | January | 136.85 |
| December | 164.80 | |
| 1972 | January | 170.82 |
| December | 434.12 |
Source: Mrs. Muller-Plantenberg and Frans Hinkelaammert: Condiciones y consecuencias de un politica de redistribución de ingresos
TABLE 19. Average Income Levels by Farm Size, Dominican Republic, 1970
Current yield |
Maximum yield |
|||
| Farms* | Monthly income | Farms | Monthly income | |
| Pesos | (%) | (Pesos) | (%) | (Pesos) |
| Up to 50 | 49.21 | 30.74 | 26.19 | 28.56 |
| 50.1 - 100 | 27.36 | 64.74 | 43.22 | 73.64 |
| 100.1 - 300 | 21.21 | 135.76 | 24.44 | 181.85 |
| 300 and over | 2.22 | 1,567.44 | 6.15 | 1,397.64 |
| Average | 100.00 | 96.30 | 100.00 | 157.03 |
The number of farms included is 302,000 and the average minimum income necessary to procure an adequate diet, in addition to other expenses, is estimated to be 78.16 pesos at 1970 prices.
TABLE 20. Current Levels of Production and Daily Requirements for Basic Foods, Per Person, in Chile (in pounds)
| Required | Current | Deficit (%) | |
| Cereals | 0.435 | 0.399 | 8.3 |
| Roots, tubers | 0.462 | 0.394 | 14.8 |
| Fruit | 0.705 | 0.621 | 12.0 |
| Legumes | 0.175 | 0.068 | 61.4 |
| Meat | 0.195 | 0.111 | 43.1 |
| Sugar | 0.140 | 0.092 | 34.3 |
| Fat and oil | 0.060 | 0.060 | |
| Milk (cc) | 288 | 140 | 51.4 |
| Garden vegetables | 0.220 | 0.160 | 27.3 |
| Eggs | 0.550 | 0.005 | 91.0 |
TABLE 21. Nutritional Goals of the Dominican Republic (daily consumption per person)
| Income level | Total population | 1973 | 1982 | 1973 | 1982 |
Calories |
Protein, in g |
||||
| (%) | Current | Goal | Current | Goal | |
| Up to 50.0 | 49.80 | 1,408 | 1,773 | 27.33 | 36.97 |
| 50.1 to 100.0 | 25.09 | 1,988 | 2,136 | 42.51 | 50.60 |
| 100.1 to 300.0 | 18.87 | 2,471 | 2,471 | 60.92 | 60.92 |
| 300.1 and over | 6.18 | 3,147 | 3,147 | 81.94 | 81.94 |
| Average | 100.00 | 1,862 | 2,081 | 40.89 | 46.28 |
| Required level | 2,324 | 2,324 | 59.64 | 59.64 | |