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FOOD AND NUTRITION BULLETIN
Published by the United Nations University Press,
Tokyo, Japan.
Editorial address:
Food and Nutrition Bulletin
Charles Street Sta., P.O. Box 500Subscription address:
Boston, MA 02114-0500, USA
Tel: (617) 227-8747
Fax:(617)227-9405
International Nutrition Foundation, Inc.The Food and Nutrition Bulletin incorporates and continues the PAG Bulletin of the former Protein-Calorie Advisory Group of the United Nations system and is published quarterly by the United Nations University Press in collaboration with the United Nations ACC Sub-committee on Nutrition.
Charles Street Station, P.O. Box 500
Boston, MA 02114-0500, USA
Tel: (617) 227-8747. Fax: (617) 227-9405,
E-mail: unucpo@zork.tiac.net
All correspondence concerning the content of the Bulletin, comments, news, and notices should be sent to the editor at the Boston editorial office address given above.
All material in the Bulletin may he reproduced freely provided acknowledgement is given and a copy of the publication containing the reproduction is sent to the editorial office.
Editorial policy
The Food and Nutrition Bulletin is intended to make available policy analyses, state-of-the-art summaries, and original scientific articles relating to multidisciplinary efforts to alleviate the problems of hunger and malnutrition in the developing world. It is not intended for the publication of scientific articles of principal interest only to individuals in a single discipline or within a single country or region. Notices of relevant books and other publications will be published if they are received for review. The Bulletin is also a vehicle for notices of forthcoming international meetings that satisfy the above criteria and for summaries of such meetings.
The Food and Nutrition Bulletin also serves as the principal outlet for the publication of reports of working groups and other activities of the UN ACC Sub-committee on Nutrition (SCN) and its Advisory Group on Nutrition. The SCN itself is a focal point for coordinating activities of FAO, WHO, UNICEF, the UNU, UNESCO, the World Bank, the World Food Programme, the World Food Council, the United Nations Environment Programme, and other bodies of the United Nations system that have an interest in food and nutrition.
Submissions. Unsolicited manuscripts of articles of the type published in this and previous issues may he sent to the editor at the Boston office address given above. They must be typed, double-spaced, with complete references and must include original copy for any figures used (see the “Note for contributors” in the hack of this issue).
Any disciplinary or conceptual approach relevant to problems of world hunger and malnutrition is welcome, and controversy over some of the articles is anticipated. Letters to the editor are encouraged and will be printed if judged to have an adequate basis and to be of sufficient general interest.
Peer review. The Bulletin is a peer-reviewed journal. Every article submitted first receives editorial review. If it is consistent with the editorial policy and is not obviously deficient in some way, it is sent to two or sometimes three experienced and knowledgeable reviewers. Occasionally a paper may be returned to the authors by the editor with suggestions for improvement before it is submitted to the reviewers.
If two reviewers agree that the paper should be published in the Bulletin, it is accepted and either sent immediately for copy-editing or returned to the authors for consideration of suggestions from the reviewers and the editor. If both reviewers agree that the paper should not be accepted, the editor writes a personal letter to the authors explaining the reason and enclosing the comments of the reviewers anonymously- if the reviewers do not agree with each other, either the paper is sent to a third reviewer or a decision is taken by the editor. In these cases, the authors are usually given a chance to respond to the reviewers’ comments.
Disclaimer. It is expressly understood that articles published in the Bulletin do nut necessarily represent the views of the United Nations University, the UN ACC Sub-committee on Nutrition, or any United Nations organization. The views expressed and the accuracy of the information on which they are based are the responsibility of the authors. Some articles in the Bulletin are reports of various international committees and working groups and do represent the consensus of the individuals involved; whether or not they also represent the opinions or policies of the sponsoring organizations is expressly stated.
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The United Nations University (UNU) is an organ of the United Nations established by the General Assembly in 1972 to be an international community of scholars engaged in research, advanced training, and the dissemination of knowledge related to the pressing global problems of human survival, development, and welfare. Its activities focus mainly on peace and conflict resolution, development in a changing world, and science and technology in relation to human welfare. The University operates through a worldwide network of research and postgraduate training centres, with its planning and coordinating headquarters in Tokyo. The United Nations University Press, the publishing division
of the UNU, publishes scholarly books and periodicals in the social sciences,
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Editor: Dr. Nevin S. Scrimshaw
Assistant Editor: Ms. Edwina B. Murray
Manuscripts Editor: Mr. Jonathan Harrington
Senior Associate Editor - Clinical and Human
Nutrition;
Dr. Cutberto Garza, Director and Professor. Division of
Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., USA
Senior Associate Editor - Food Science and
Technology:
Dr. Ricardo Bressani, Institute de Investigaciones,
Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala Associate
Editors:
Dr. Abraham Besrat, Senior Academic Officer, United
Nations University, Tokyo, Japan
Dr. Hernán Delgado, Director, Institute of Nutrition of
Central America and Panama (INCAP), Guatemala City, Guatemala
Dr. Joseph Hautvast, Secretary General, IUNS, Department
of Human Nutrition, Agricultural University, Wageningen,
Netherlands
Dr. Peter Pellett, Professor, Department of Food Science and
Nutrition, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass., USA
Dr. Zewdie Wolde-Gabreil, Director, Ethiopian Nutrition
Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Dr. Aree Valyasevi, Professor and Institute Consultant,
Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 20, no. 1
© The United Nations University, 1999
United Nations University Press
The United Nations University
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Japan
Tel.: (03) 3499-2811
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E-mail: mbox@hq.unu.edu
ISSN 0379-5721
Design and Production by Desktop Publishing & Design Co., Newton, MA USA Printed in Canada
Introduction
The size of the problem
The nature of early childhood development
Determinants of child development
Programmatic actionsProgramme characteristics and content
Parents
Training
Evaluation and assessment
The nature and nurture of child development
Abstract
Introduction
Processes that promote or hinder developmental competenceDevelopment is multidetermined
Specificity
Covariance among developmental influences
Temporal moderationImplications for intervention
What not to do
Principles for effective and cost-effective interventions
Abstract
Introduction
Myths concerning intelligence testing in early childhood
Principles of assessment
Interdependence of development
Multiple sources and multiple components
Assessment sequence
Child-caregiver relationships
Framework of typical development
Emphasis on organizing and functional capabilities of the child
Identify current and emerging competencies and strengths
Collaborative process
Assessment as the beginning of intervention
Reassessment as an ongoing process
Conclusions
References
Abstract
Introduction
Scope of the problem
Minorities in poverty
Effects of poverty on development
Epidemiological evidence
Epidemiological measures of effect
Single-component models
NutritionHealth
Education
Multicomponent modelsDeveloping countries
Practical applicationsLinda ray intervention program
Cognition and language
Behaviour
Home environment
Abstract
Objectives
Data sourceInfant development scales: mental
Infant development scales: motor
Test administered during pre-school period
Tests administered during school periodInfant development scales: mental
Infant development scales: motor
Pre-school assessments (36 to 84 months)
Prediction of performance at school age
Abstract
Introduction
Low birthweight
Studies of children in the first two years
Studies of children two to seven years of age
Studies of children 7 to 17 years of age
Other outcomes
Interactions with the environment
Conclusions about the effects of IUGR on development
Breastfeeding
Study design
Short-term effects of breastfeeding
Long-term effects of breastfeeding
MechanismFatty acids
Growth
Immune response
Maternal-child interactionConclusions and policy implications
Protein-energy malnutrition
Severe malnutrition
Moderate stunting and wastingCross-sectional associations between height and development
Behaviour
Other functional associationsLongitudinal associations
Supplementation studiesPreventive supplementation studies
Intervention with stunted or wasted childrenVulnerable age
Mechanism
Conclusions about mild-to-moderate stunting
Policy implications and recommendations
References
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism
Parasitic infections
Diarrhoea and respiratory infections
Iodine deficiencyObservational studies
Intervention studies
Conclusions about iodine deficiency and development
Policy implicationsIron-deficiency anaemia and concurrent development
Longitudinal studies of development of children who had iron-deficiency anaemia in infancy
Conclusions from longitudinal studies
Treatment trials in children under two years of age
Conclusions from preventive trials
Iron-supplementation studies of anaemic school-aged children
Mechanisms
Summary of findings and conclusions on iron deficiency and child development
Policy implicationsZinc deficiency
Other nutritional deficiencies
A developmental function of motor activity among nutritionally at-risk children
Research design
Location
Communities and day-care centres
Subjects
Variables and measurementsDevelopmental function of motor activity (12 to 30 months)
Energy intake and anthropometry
Processes involved in the regulation of motor actions
Overview of early child-care and education programmes and Jamaican case studies
Abstract
Introduction
Intervention programmes in the United StatesProgrammes for children under two years of age: predominantly centre based
Programmes for children under two years of age: predominantly home basedProgrammes for children over two years of age: Centre based, home based, or both
Long-term follow-up after intervention
Intervention programmes in developing countries
The role of care in programmatic actions for nutrition: Designing programmes involving care
Abstract
Introduction
Defining care
Care during complementary feedingAdaptation to psychomotor abilities for self-feeding
Feeding responsively
The feeding situationResponsiveness to developmental milestones and cues
Attention, affection, and involvement
Encouragement of autonomy, exploration, and learningThe research and development process for care
Evidence for the effectiveness of care in interventions
Effects of care on child growth and development: correlational studies
Effects of care on child development: experimental studies or efficacy studies
Effects of care on child growth: experimental studies or efficacy studiesIncorporating care in the design of programmes
Current work on care
Conclusions and recommendations
References
Abstract
Introduction
Situation analysis of the development status of childrenSituation analysis of existing programmes
Project components, coverage, and costs
Monitoring and evaluation
Cross-cutting issues and implications for future programmesBuilding on home-grown early childhood development models
Targeting the poorest
Delivery of an integrated package of services
Partnerships
Monitoring and evaluation
Economic considerations for analysis of early childhood development programmes
Abstract
Introduction
Analytical frameworks for considering the determinants of and the impact of human resources investments in childhood developmentDirect production function impact of childhood development
Household demands for human resource investments such as in child developmentEstimated relations related to childhood development
Estimation problems in attempting to ascertain the determinants and impact of childhood development
Possible resolutions for estimation problemsFramework for policy choices related to childhood development
Brief definitions of basic motives for policy changes
Specific examples of possible inefficiencies in childhood development
Endnotes
UNU food and nutrition programme
Note à l’intention des auteurs