Occasional Paper #23:
Haiti Held Hostage:
International Responses to the Quest for Nationhood 1986 - 1996

Robert Maguire (team leader), Edwige Balutansky,
Jacques Fomerand, Larry Minear, William G. O'Neill, Thomas G. Weiss, and Sarah Zaidi

Occasional Papers is a series published by

The Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies

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Statements of fact or opinion are solely those of the authors; their publication does not imply endorsement by the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies.

Copyright (c) 1996 by the Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies. All rights reserved under International and Pan American Convention. No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any other means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher. All inquiries should be addressed to Occasional Papers, Thomas J. Watson Jr. Institute for International Studies.

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Table of Contents
Foreword v
Preface vii
Map xiii
Acronyms xiv
Introduction: Pariah State - Hostage Nation 1
Chapter 1: Can the Leopard Change Its Spots?
February 1986 - September 1991
13
Chapter 2: No Steel, No Deal: Military Rule
October 1991 - September 1994
29
Chapter 3: Life Begins Again
September 1994 - February 1996
59
Chapter 4: Findings and Recommendations 85
Afterword 109
Endnotes 116
Appendix I: Resources for Further Reference 123
Appendix II: Persons Interviewed 126
Appendix III: About the Organizations and Authors 132