UNU/IC - Spring 1999
1 February - 12 March 1999
Tokyo, Japan

The United Nations System: Structure and Activities

I. Content and Objectives of the Course

Increasingly, power, authority, rights and duties in world politics are shifting away from the traditional sovereign state actor to private and public actors that operate below, between or above states. Driven by this process, as well as driving this process, are international organisations that are moving beyond their peripheral roles in the interstate system to become central actors in world politics. The United Nations plays an important, yet not always satisfactory role in this process.

This course introduces the students to the United Nations System, its core components, the roles they play in the UN’s work, and the UN System’s work in a number of important global policy areas. More specifically, the course offers discussion of the historical evolution and contemporary significance of the United Nations, it discusses and analyses the UN's roles in meeting some of the most pressing international problems, such as in the areas of security, development, human rights, and the environment, and it addresses proposals to reform the UN system to allow it to play a more constructive and crucial role in the creation and maintenance of international peace and security.

II. Lecturers

The course will be taught by the staff of UNU’s Peace and Governance Programme and selected guest lecturers from UN Headquarters in New York and universities in Japan.

Coordinator

Dr. Albrecht Schnabel, Academic Programme Officer

UNU Lecturers

Dr. Jean-Marc Coicaud, Senior Academic Programme Officer

Mr. Julius Court, Programme Coordinator, Office of the Rector

Dr. Edward Newman, Academic Programme Associate

Dr. Albrecht Schnabel, Academic Programme Officer

Prof. Ramesh Thakur, Vice-Rector (Peace and Governance)

Guest Lecturers/United Nations

Dr. Manzoor Ahmed, Director, UNICEF Office for Japan

Prof. Andrew Mack, Director, Strategic Planning Unit, Executive Office of the Secretary-General

Guest Lecturers/Japan

Prof. Tatsuro Kunugi, International Christian University

Prof. Kazuhiko Okuda, International University of Japan

III. Course Format

The course meets for six weeks, with three lectures/seminars per week. Outside the classroom, lecturers and guest lecturers will be available at designated times for individual meetings with course participants.

IV. Performance Assessment

Each student is required to prepare for each course meeting by consulting required and selected readings detailed in the course syllabus. Furthermore, each student will write a paper of 3,000 to 5,000 words on a key issue facing the United Nations today (with particular reference to its organizational structure, policy priorities and reform agenda). A paper outline and the final topic require the approval of the course coordinator and paper advisor. A style sheet with further instructions will be distributed in class.

V. Course Outline with Readings

Week 1, 1-5 February

I. Introduction: International Organizations – Lecturer: Prof. Ramesh Thakur

Monday, 1 February, 17:00-18:30

• International Relations: Anarchy and Cooperation
• A Review of the Development and Evolution of International Organisations
• The End of the Cold War: a Rebirth of Wilsonianism?

Required Readings:

• Kofi Annan, Annual Report of the Secretary-General on the Work of the Organization 1998, New York: UN Department of Public Information, 1998.
• "UN Budget," in United Nations Handbook 1996, Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1996, pp. 335-340.
• Charles Pentland, "Integration, Interdependence, and Institutions: Approaches to International Order," in David Haglund and Michael Hawes, eds., World Politics, Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1990, pp. 173-196.
• Charles W. Kegley, Jr., "The Neoidealist Moment in International Studies? Realist Myths and the New International Realities," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 37, 1993, pp. 131-146.
• Takashi Inoguchi, "Introduction: Envisioning the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century," in Envisioning the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century, Tokyo: The United Nations University, 1997.
• Adam Roberts and Benedict Kingsbury, "Introduction: The UN's Roles in International Society since 1945," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 1-62.
• Kofi Annan, "The Quiet Revolution," Global Governance, Vol. 4, No. 2, April-June 1998, pp.123-138.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Baehr and Gordenker, pp. 1-6.
• Chadwick F. Alger, "The United Nations in Historical Perspective, " in Alger, Lyons and Trent, pp. 3-40.
• "Challenges and Dilemmas of the Post-Cold War Era," in Karns and Mingst, pp. 1-13.
• "Actors in the UN System," in Karns and Mingst, pp. 37-64.
• Malcolm Templeton, "The Achievements and Shortcomings of the United Nations, in Thakur, pp. 15-32.
• Peter Wilenski, "The Structure of the UN in the Post-Cold War Period," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 437-467.
• James McCormick, "Intergovernmental Organizations and Cooperation Among Nations," in Diehl, pp. 83-98.
• Ramesh Thakur, "Introduction," in Thakur, pp. 1-14.
• Bennett, pp. 1-23; pp. 265-287.
• Claude, chapter 2.

II. The League of Nations – Lecturer: Prof. Ramesh Thakur

Tuesday, 2 February, 10:00-11:30

• Birth
• Structure
• Fate

Required Readings:

• "The Development of International Organization in the Nineteenth Century," in Claude, pp. 21-40.
• "The Establishment of the League of Nations," in Claude, pp. 41-56.
• "A Great Experiment – The League of Nations," Bennett, pp. 24-42.
• "Historical Evolution of the United Nations," in Karns and Mingst, pp. 15-36.
• The Covenant of the League of Nations, in Diehl, pp. 429-439.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Baehr and Gordenker, pp. 6-16.
• Claude, chapter 3.

III. Brainstorming Session on "Global Governance"

Wednesday, 3 February, 10:00-11:30

– Discussion leaders: Dr. Albrecht Schnabel and P&G staff

!!! 17:00 DUE DATE FOR PROVISIONAL PAPER TOPICS/IDEAS !!!

Week 2, 8-12 February

IV. The UN Charter – Lecturer: Prof. Tatsuro Kunugi

Tuesday, 9 February, 17:00-18:30

• The Major Chapters and Clauses of the UN Charter
• The UN Charter and International Law

Required Readings:

• Nagendra Singh, "The UN and the Development of International Law," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 384-419.
• Christopher C. Joyner, "The Reality and Relevance of International Law in the Post-Cold War Era," pp. 211-224.
• "Is International Law Really Law?" in: Michael Akehurst, A Modern Introduction to International Law, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1987, pp. 1-11.
• The Covenant of the League of Nations, in Diehl, pp. 440-468.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Claude, chapter 9.
• Bennett, pp. 178-210.
• Everyone’s United Nations, chapter 8 (International Law).

V. The General Assembly – Lecturer: Prof. Tatsuro Kunugi

Wednesday, 10 February, 14:00-15:30

• Structure
• Tasks
• Cold War and Post-Cold War Activities
• North-South Tensions: Whose General Assembly?
• Reform

Required Readings:

• United Nations Handbook, "General Assembly," pp. 9-50.
• Newton R. Bowles, "A Year in the Life of the General Assembly: 1993 Session," in Eric Fawcett and Hanna Newcombe, eds., United Nations Reform: Looking Ahead After Fifty Years, Toronto: Science for Peace, 1995, pp. 30-58.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Claude, chapter 7.
• Bennett, pp. 43-55; pp. 405-431.
• Everyone’s United Nations, chapter 1 (The Organization).
• Soo Yeon Kim and Bruce Russett, "The New Politics of Voting Alignments in the United Nations General Assembly," International Organization, Autumn 1996.

VI. Brainstorming Session on "The UN as a Global Organization"

Friday, 12 February, 10:00-11:30

– Discussion leader: Prof. Tatsuro Kunugi

!!! 17:00 FINAL DUE DATE FOR PAPER OUTLINES !!!

 

Week 3, 15-19 February

VII. The UN Security Council – Lecturer: Dr. Jean-Marc Coicaud

Monday, 15 February, 10:00-11:30

• Structure
• Tasks
• The Veto Problem During the Cold War
• Post-Cold War Activism
• SC Expansion and Reform

Required Readings:

• United Nations Handbook, "Security Council," pp. 53-74.
• Kurt Herndl, Reflections on the Role, Functions and Procedures of the Security Council of the United Nations.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Claude, chapter 8.
• Takahiro Shinyo, "Reforming the Security Council: A Japanese Perspective," in Thakur, pp. 147-162.

VIII. The Secretary-General and the Secretariat – Lecturer: Dr. Edward Newman

Tuesday, 16 February, 10:00-11:30

• The Idea of an International Civil Service
• The Problems of an International Civil Service
• The Office of the Secretary-General
• Reform

Required Readings:

• United Nations Handbook, ‘Secretariat," pp. 159-162.
• Edward Newman, The UN Secretary-General from the Cold War to the New Era: A Global Peace and Security Mandate, London: Macmillan, 1998, pp. 24-36; pp.110-126.
• Leon Gordenker, "The UN Secretary-Generalship: Limits, Potentials, and Leadership," in Benjamin Rivlin and Leon Gordenker, eds., The Challenging Role of the Secretary-General: Making ’The Most Impossible Job in the World’ Possible, Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers, 1993, pp. 261-282.
• Javier Perez de Cuellar, "Reflecting on the Past and Contemplating the future," Global Governance, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1995, pp. 149-170.
• Edward Newman, "’The Fire of Realism:’ Boutros-Ghali and the Office of UN Secretary-General," the Shumei Journal of International Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, April 1998, pp. 72-102.
• Benjamin Rivlin, "Boutros-Ghali’s Ordeal: Leading the UN in an Age of Uncertainty," in Bourantonis and Evriviades, pp. 127-148.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Claude, chapter 10.
• Perez de Cuellar, "The Role of the Secretary-General," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 125-142.
• Thomas M. Franck, "The Good Offices of the UN Secretary-General," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 143-182.
• Benjamin Rivlin, "The UN-Secretary-Generalship at Fifty," in Bourantonis and Evriviades, pp. 81-104.
• Brian Urquhart, "Selecting the World’s CEO," Foreign Affairs, May/June 1995.

IX. Brainstorming Session on "The Role of the SC and SG in UN and World Politics"

Thursday, 18 February, 14:00-15:30

– Discussion leaders: Dr. Jean-Marc Coicaud and Dr. Edward Newman

Week 4, 22-26 February

X. The UN Family – Lecturer: Dr. Manzoor Ahmed

Monday, 22 February, 14:00-15:30

• Principal Organs and Specialised Agencies
• "Family Relations"
• UN Agencies Represented at UNU

• Structure, Activities, Performance
• Tasks in Tokyo

PANEL SESSION AND DISCUSSION FEATURING REPRESENTATIVES OF UN AGENCIES WITH OFFICES IN TOKYO

Required Reading:

• Everyone’s United Nations, chapter 9 (United Nations Intergovernmental Organizations), pp. 399-427.

Further Recommended Readings:

• United Nations Handbook, "Other Bodies Subsidiary or Related to the UN," pp. 157-320.

XI. Bretton Woods Institutions and Development– Lecturer: Mr. Julius Court

Wednesday, 24 February, 14:00-15:30

• The World Bank
• The International Monetary Fund
• UNCTAD and the New International Economic Order
• North-South Dynamics
• Development
• Case Study: The Asian Financial Crisis

Required Readings:

• Jahangir Amuzegar, "The IMF Under Fire," in Diehl, pp. 242-258.
• Agenda for Development, New York: UN Department of Public Information.
• "Economic Development and Environmental Sustainability," in Karns and Mingst, pp. 107-138.
• William Ascher, "New Development Approaches and the Adaptability of International Agencies: The Case of the World Bank," in Diehl, pp. 287-307.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Kenneth Dadzie, "The UN and the Problem of Economic Development," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 297-326.
• Craig Murphy, "What the Third World Wants: An Interpretation of the Development and Meaning of the New International Economic Order Ideology," in Diehl, pp. 226-242.
• Robert Ramsay, "UNCTAD’s Failures: The Rich Get Richer," in Diehl, pp. 308-319.
• Everyone’s United Nations, chapter 5 (Economic and Social Development).

XII. Brainstorming Session on "UN and Development"

Thursday, 25 February, 14:00-15:30

– Discussion leaders: Mr. Julius Court

Week 5, 1-5 March

XIII. Chapter 6 & Pacific Settlement of Disputes – Lecturer: Prof. Ramesh Thakur

Monday, 1 March, 17:00-18:30

• The Good Offices of the Secretariat
• International Court of Justice
• Conflict Prevention/Preventive Diplomacy
• Humanitarian Assistance

Required Readings:

• Ramesh Thakur, "Introduction," in Thakur, pp. 1-14.
• Jacob Bercovitch, "The United Nations and the Mediation of International Disputes," in Thakur, pp. 47-62.
• Michael S. Lund, "Preventing Violent Conflicts: Progress and Shortfalls," in Peter Cross, ed., Contributing to Preventive Action, CPN Yearbook 1997/98, Ebenhausen: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 1998.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Claude, chapter 11.
• Geoff Berridge, "The UN and the World Diplomatic System: Lessons from the Cyprus and US-North-Korea Talks," in Bourantonis and Evriviades, pp. 105-126.
• Michael S. Lund, "Underrating Preventive Diplomacy," Foreign Affairs, July/August 1995.

XIV. "Peace-keeping" – Lecturers: Prof. Kazuhiko Okuda and Dr. Albrecht Schnabel

Thursday, 4 March, 17:00-18:30

• Concept and Application
• Preventive Diplomacy, Peacemaking, Peacekeeping, Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
• UN Peacekeeping: Implications for Japan
• Case Studies: Cyprus, Rwanda, Cambodia, El Salvador, Bosnia

Required Readings:

• "Maintaining International Peace and Security: Peacekeeping, Peacemaking, and Collective Security," in Karns and Mingst, pp. 65-105.
• Albrecht Schnabel, "A Future for Peacekeeping?" Peace Review, Vol.9, No.4, December 1997, pp. 563-569.
• Michael Rose, "The Bosnia Experience," in Thakur, pp. 135-146.
• Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace, New York: United Nations, 1992.
• Boutros-Ghali, Supplement to An Agenda for Peace, New York: United Nations, 1995.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Claude, chapter 14.
• Reginald H.F. Austin, "UN Peacekeeping: Cosmetic or Comprehensive?" in Thakur, pp. 63-84.
• Everyone’s United Nations, chapter 3 (Peace-keeping).
• Adam Roberts, "The Crisis in UN Peacekeeping," in Crocker, Hampson and Aall, pp. 297-318.
• Albrecht Schnabel and Konrad Klingenburg, Quo Vadis Peacekeeping?, Hamburger Beiträge zur Friedensforschung und Sicherheitspolitik (No.106), Hamburg: Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, September 1997, 77pp.
• Jaque Grinberg, "Can UN Peacekeepers Do the Job?, in Bourantonis and Evriviades, pp. 187-200.
• Francis Henn, "Keeping the Peace: a Military Perspective," in Bourantonis and Evriviades, pp. 201-224.

XV. Brainstorming Session on "Peace and Security"

Friday, 5 March, 10:00-11:30

- Discussion leaders: Prof. Kazuhiko Okuda and Dr. Albrecht Schnabel

!!! 17:00 FINAL DUE DATE FOR COURSE PAPERS !!!

Week 6, 8-12 March

XVI. Chapter 7, Collective Security & Humanitarian Intervention – Lecturer: Prof. Andrew Mack

Monday, 8 March, 14:00-15:30

• Nature and Theory
• Collective Security and Collective Defence
• Case Studies: Korean War, Gulf War, post-Yugoslav Wars

Required Readings:

• Brian Urquhart, "The UN and International Security after the Cold War," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 81-103.
• Gareth Evans, "Cooperating for Peace," in Thakur, pp. 33-46.
• Albrecht Schnabel, "Humanitarian Intervention: A Conceptual Analysis," in S. Neil MacFarlane and Hans-Georg Ehrhart, eds., Peacekeeping at a Crossroads, Clementsport, NS: Canadian Peacekeeping Press, 1997, pp. 19-44.
• A.J.R. Groom, Edward Newman and Paul Taylor, "Burdensome Victory: The United Nations and Iraq, " in Bourantonis and Evriviades, pp. 149-167.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Robert Johansen, "The Future of United Nations Peacekeeping and Enforcement: A Framework for Policymaking," Global Governance, Vol.2, No.3, Sept.-Dec. 1996, pp. 299-333.
• Inis Claude, "Peace and Security: Prospective Roles for the Two United Nations," Global Governance, Vol.2, No.3, Sept.-Dec. 1996, pp. 289-298.
• Albrecht Schnabel, "Post-Cold War Peacekeeping and the Feasibility of Collective Security: A Realist Interpretation," in Michel Fortmann, S. Neil MacFarlane and Stephane Roussel, eds., Multilateralism and Regional Security, Clementsport, NS: Canadian Peacekeeping Press, 1997, pp. 43-59.
• Weiss, Forsythe, Coate, pp. 17-100.
• Everyone’s United Nations, chapter 2 (Peacemaking).
• Baehr and Gordenker, pp. 71-79.
• Claude, chapter 12.
• Paul F. Diehl, Jennifer Reifschneider and Paul R. Hensel, "United Nations Intervention and Recurring Conflict," International Organization, Autumn 1996.

XVII. Review, Evaluation, Reform of the UN – Lecturer: Prof. Andrew Mack

Tuesday, 9 March, 10:00-11:30

• Institutions and Areas in Need of Reform
• UN Interests
• Memberstate Interests
• Common Grounds and Potential for a Reformed UN System

Required Readings:

• Gene M. Lyons, "Competing Visions: Proposals for UN Reform," in Alger, Lyons and Trent, pp. 41-85.
• "The Future of the United Nations," in Karns and Mingst, pp. 139-156.
• Maurice Bertrand, "The Historical Development of Efforts to Reform the UN," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 420-436.
• Keith Suter, "Reforming the United Nations," in Thakur, pp. 189-204.
• James N. Rosenau, "The Adaptation of the United Nations to a Turbulent World," in Thakur, pp. 176-188.

Further Recommended Readings:

• Baehr and Gordenker, chapter 3.
• Claude, chapter 5.
• Keith Krause and Andy Knight, eds., State, Society, and the UN System: Changing Perspectives on Multilateralism and the UN System, Tokyo, UNU Press, 1995.
• A.J.R. Groom, "Global Governance and the United Nations," in Thakur, pp. 219-242.
• Sir Anthony Parsons, "The UN and the National Interests of States," in Roberts and Kingsbury, pp. 104-124.
• John Gerard Ruggie, "The United States and the United Nations: Toward a New Realism," in Diehl, pp. 396-410.
• Stephen Schlesinger, "Can the United Nations Reform?" World Policy Journal, Fall 1997.
• Michael N. Barnett, "Bringing in the New World Order: Liberalism, Legitimacy, and the United Nations," World Politics, July 1997.

XVIII. Brainstorming Session on "The Future of the UN: Weaknesses, Strengths, Challenges"

Wednesday, 10 March, 14:00-15:30

- Discussion leader: Dr. Albrecht Schnabel and P&G staff

VI. Reading List

Key texts for this course are:

Alger, Chadwick F., The Future of the United Nations: Potential for the Twenty-first Century, Tokyo: UNU Press, 1998.

Alger, Chadwick F., Gene M. Lyons and John E. Trent, eds., The United Nations and Policies of Member States, Tokyo: UNU Press, 1995.

Baehr, Peter R. and Leon Gordenker, The United Nations in the 1990s, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.

Bennett, LeRoy, International Organizations: Principles and Issues, 6th edition, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995.

Bourantonis, Dimitris and Marios Evriviades, eds., A United Nations for the Twenty-First Century, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996.

Claude, Inis L., Swords into Plowshares, 4th ed., New York: Random House, 1984.

Falk, Richard A., Samuel S. Kim and Saul H. Mendlovitz, The United Nations and a Just World Order, Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.

Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, a scholarly journal published by Lynne Rienner in cooperation with ACUNS and the United Nations University.

International Peacekeeping, a scholarly journal published by Frank Cass Publishers.

Karns, Margaret P. and Karen Mingst, The United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era, Westview Press, 1995.

Krause, Keith and Andy Knight, eds., State, Society, and the UN System: Changing Perspectives on Multilateralism and the UN System, Tokyo, UNU Press, 1995.

United Nations Handbook 1996, Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1996.

Thakur, Ramesh, ed., Past Imperfect, Future UNcertain: The United Nations at Fifty, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Weiss, Thomas G., David P. Forsythe and Roger A. Coate, The United Nations and Changing World Politics, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1997.

VII. Selected Bibliography (All Listed Readings Are Available At The UNU Library)

A Guide to Information at the United Nations, United Nations, DPI, 1995.

Abbott, J., Politics & Poverty: A Critique of the Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Routledge, 1992.

Akehurst, Michael, A Modern Introduction to International Law, 6th ed., London: George Allen & Unwin, 1987.

Alger, Chadwick F., Gene M. Lyons and John E. Trent, eds., The United Nations and Policies of Member States, Tokyo: UNU Press, 1995.

Alger, Chadwick F., The Future of the United Nations: Potential for the Twenty-first Century, Tokyo: UNU Press, 1998.

Andemicael, B., ed., Regionalism and the United Nations, Oceana, 1979.

Archer, Clive, International Organizations, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983.

Archibugi, Daniele and David Held, eds., Cosmopolitan Democracy: An Agenda for a New World Order, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1995.

Baehr, Peter R. and Leon Gordenker, The United Nations in the 1990s, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992.

Bajpai, U.S., ed., Forty Years of the United Nations, Lancer International, 1987.

Baratta, J.P., United Nations System, Clio Press, 1995.

Basic Facts About the United Nations, United Nations, 1998.

Beigbeder, Y., The International Management of United Nations Organizations: The Long Quest for Reform, Macmillan Press, 1997.

Benedick, Richard E., Ozone Diplomacy, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991.

Bennett, LeRoy, International Organizations: Principles and Issues, 6th edition, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1995.

Berridge, G.R. and A. Jennings, eds., Diplomacy at the UN, London: Macmillan, 1985.

Black, M., The Children and the Nations: The Story of UNICEF, UNICEF, 1986.

Bourantonis, Dimitris and Jarrod Wiener, eds., The United Nations in the New World Order, London; Macmillan, 1995.

Bourantonis, Dimitris and Marios Evriviades, eds., A United Nations for the Twenty-First Century, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1996.

Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, An Agenda for Peace 1995, New York: United Nations, 1995.

Brown, Seyom, International Relations in a Changing Global System: Toward a Theory of the World Polity, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1992.

Bull, Hedley, ed., Intervention in World Politics, New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.

Camilleri, Joseph A. and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, Brookfield: Edward Elgar, 1993.

Childers, E. and B. Urquhart, Renewing the United Nations System, Dag Hammarskjold Foundation, 1994.

Childers, E., ed., Challenges to the United Nations: Building a Safer World, Catholic Institute For International Relations (CIIR)/St. Martin's Press, 1994.

Claude, Inis L., Swords into Plowshares, 4th ed., New York: Random House, 1984.

Conforti, Benedetto, The Law And Practice of the United Nations, Kluwer Law International, 1996.

Crocker, Chester A., Fen Osler Hampson with Pamela Aall, eds., Managing Global Chaos: Sources and Responses to International Conflict, Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 1996.

Damrosch, Lori Fisler, ed., Enforcing Restraint: Collective Intervention in Internal Conflicts, New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press: 1993.

Diehl, Paul F., The Politics of International Organizations: Patterns and Insights, Chicago: Dorsey Press, 1989.

Donnelly, Jack, International Human Rights, Boulder: Westview Press, 1993.

Envisioning the United Nations in the 21st Century: Un21 Project Annual Report, UNU, 1996.

Envisioning The United Nations in the Twenty-First Century, UNU, 1997.

Everyone’s United Nations: A Handbook on the Work of the United Nations, New York: United Nations, 1986.

Falk, Richard A., Samuel S. Kim and Saul H. Mendlovitz, The United Nations and a Just World Order, Boulder: Westview Press, 1991.

Fawcett, E. and H. Newcombe, eds., United Nations Reform: Looking Ahead after Fifty Years, Science for Peace, 1995.

Finkelstein, Lawrence, Politics in the United Nations System, Durham: Duke University Press, 1988.

For a Strong and Democratic United Nations: A South Perspective on UN Reform, South Centre, 1996.

Forsythe, David. P., Human Rights and World Politics, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989.

Franck, T.M., et al., An Attitude Survey: Diplomats' Views on the United Nations System, UNITAR, 1982.

From Nairobi to Beijing: Second Review and Appraisal of the Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women: Report of the Secretary-General, UN Publications, 1995.

Fromuth, P.J., ed., A Successor Vision: The United Nations of Tomorrow, United Nations Association of the U.S.A., 1988.

Galtung, Johan, The True Worlds, New York: Free Press, 1980.

Goldstein, Judith and Robert O. Keohane, eds., Ideas and Foreign Policy: Beliefs, Institutions and Political Change, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993.

Gordenker, Leon, The United Nations in International Politics, Princeton University Press, 1971.

Gregg, Robert W., About Face: The United States and the United Nations, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1993.

Gross, L., Essays on International Law and Organization, Vols. 1&2, Transnational Publishers, 1984.

Haas, Ernst B., When Knowledge is Power: Three Models of Change in International Organizations, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.

Haas, Peter M., Robert O. Keohane and Marc A. Levy, eds., Institutions for the Earth: Sources of Effective International Environmental Protection, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1993.

Handbook on United Nations Heraldry, ECLAC Library, 1986.

Harrod, Jeffrey and Nico J. Shrijver, eds., The UN Under Attack, Aldershot: Gower, 1988.

Hill, M., Towards Greater Order, Coherence and Co-Ordination in the United Nations System, UNITAR.

Hopkinson, N., The United Nations in the New World Disorder, HMSO, 1993.

Inoguchi, Takashi, Edward Newman and John Keane, eds., The Changing Nature of Democracy, Tokyo: UNU Press, 1998.

Jackson, Robert H. and Alan James, eds., States in a Changing World: A Contemporary Analysis, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

Jacobson, Harold K., Networks of Interdependence: International Organizations and the Global Political System, 2nd. ed., New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979.

James, Alan, Peacekeeping in International Politics, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.

Joyner, C.C. and O. Schachter, eds., United Nations Legal Order, Vols.1&2, ASIL, 1995.

Karns, Margaret P. and Karen Mingst, The United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era, Westview Press, 1995. Keohane, Robert O., After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

Knipping, F. et al, eds., The United Nations System and its Predecessors, Oxford University Press, 1997.

Krasner, Stephen, ed., International Regimes, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983.

Kratochwil, Friedrich and Edward D. Mansfield, eds., International Organization: A Reader, New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

Krause, Keith and Andy Knight, eds., State, Society, and the UN System: Changing Perspectives on Multilateralism and the UN System, Tokyo, UNU Press, 1995.

Langrod G., The International Civil Service: Its Origins, Its Nature, Its Evolution, A.W. Sijthoff, 1968.

Lebow, Richard Nedd and Thomas Risse-Kappen, eds., International Relations Theory and the End of the Cold War, New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.

Lillich, Richard B. and Hurst Hannum, International Human Rights: Problems of Law, Policy, and Practice, 3rd ed., Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1995.

Luard, E., International Agencies: The Emerging Framework of Interdependence, Macmillan, 1977.

Lyons, Gene M. and Michael Mastanduno, eds., Beyond Westphalia? State Sovereignty and International Intervention, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

McCoubrey, Hilaire and Nigel D. White, International Organizations and Civil Wars, Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1995.

Meron, T., The United Nations Secretariat: The Rules and the Practice, Lexington Books, 1977.

Minear, L. et al., United Nations Coordination of the International Humanitarian Response to the Gulf Crisis, 1990-1992, Refugee Policy Group, 1992.

Mingst, Karen A. and Margaret P. Karns, The United Nations in the Post-Cold War Era, Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.

Murphy, Craig N., International Organization and Industrial Change: Global Governance Since 1850, New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Newman, Edward, The UN Secretary-General from the Cold War to the New Era: A Global Peace and Security Mandate, London: Macmillan, 1998.

Nolan, Janne E., ed., Global Engagement: Cooperation and Security in the 21st Century, Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1994.

Ogata, Shijuro et al., Financing an Effective United Nations, New York: Ford Foundation, 1993.

Ostrum, Elino, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.

Our Global Neighbourhood: The Report of the Commission on Global Governance, Oxford University Press, 1995.

Peck, Connie, The United Nations as a Dispute Settlement System: Improving Mechanisms for the Prevention and Resolution of Conflict, Kluwer Law International, 1996.

Pines, B.Y., ed., A World Without a U.N.: What Would Happen if the U.N. Shut Down?, Heritage Foundation, 1984.

Pitt, David and Thomas Weiss, The Nature of United Nations Bureaucracies, Boulder; Westview Press, 1986.

Rajan, M.S. et al., eds., The Nonaligned and the United Nations, Oceana Publications, 1987.

Renninger, J.P. et al., Assessing the United Nations Scale of Assessments: Is It Fair? Is It Equitable?, UNITAR, 1982.

Riggs, Robert E. and Jack C. Plano, The United Nations: International Organizations and World Politics, 2nd ed., Wadsworth Publishing Co., 1994.

Righter, Rosemary, Utopia Lost: The UN and World Order, New York: The Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1995.

Roberts, A. and B. Kingsbury, Presiding over a Divided World: Changing UN Roles, 1945-1993, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994.

Roberts, Adam and Benedict Kingsbury, eds., United Nations, Divided World: The UN's Roles in International Relations, second edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.

Rochester, J. Martin, Waiting for the Millennium: The United Nations and the Future of World Order, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994.

Rosenau, James and Ernst-Otto Czempiel, eds., Governance Without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Rosenau, James, The United Nations in a Turbulent World, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1992.

Rosenau, James, Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Ruggie, John G., Multilateralism Matters: The Theory and Practice of an Institutional Form, New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

Sakamoto, Yoshikazu, ed., Global Transformation: Challenges to the State System, Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 1994.

Saksena, K.P., Reforming The United Nations: The Challenge of Relevance, Sage, 1993.

Saxena, J.N. et al., eds., United Nations for a Better World, Lancers Books, 1986.

Seymour, Joan T., Post-Conflict Peace-Building, UNU, 1995.

Simai, Mihaly, The Future of Global Governance: Managing Risk and Change in the International System, Washington, DC: United State Institute of Peace Press, 1994.

Simons, G., The United Nations: A Chronology of Conflict, Macmillan, 1994.

Singh L.P., United Nations and the Birth of States, Gitanjali Publishing House, 1986.

Taylor, Paul and A.J.R. Groom, eds., Global Issues in the UN Framework, London: Macmillan, 1989.

Taylor, Paul, International Organizations in the Modern World: The Regional and Global Process, London: Pinter, 1993.

Thakur, Ramesh and Carlyle Thayer, eds., A Crisis of Expectations: UN Peacekeeping in the 1990s, Boulder: Westview Press, 1995.

Thakur, Ramesh, ed., Past Imperfect, Future UNcertain: The United Nations at Fifty, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998.

Thakur, Ramesh., ed., The United Nations at Fifty: Retrospect and Prospect, Dunedin: University of Otago Press, 1996.

The Restructuring of the United Nations System: Implications for the Creation of a New International Economic Order, UNITAR, 1978.

The Role of the United Nations in the Twenty-First Century, Report of the Inaugural Symposium Held at UNU Headquarters Tokyo, Japan, 18 February 1993, UNU, 1993.

The United Nations and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, UNITAR, 1987.

The United Nations in our Daily Lives, UN, 1998.

UN Department of Public Relations, Charter of the United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice (New York: United Nations Department of Public Relations, September 1993).

United Nations Handbook 1996, Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1996.

United Nations Handbook 1997, Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 1997.

Uvin, Peter, The International Organization of Hunger, Kegan Paul, 1994.

Weiss, Thomas G. and Leon Gordenker, eds., NGOs, The UN, & Global Governance, Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1996.

Weiss, Thomas G., David P. Forsythe and Roger A. Coate, The United Nations and Changing World Politics, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1997.

Wells, Clare, The UN, UNESCO, and the Politics of Knowledge, London: Macmillan, 1987.

Wells, R.N. Jr., ed., Peace By Pieces: United Nations Agencies and their Rules: A Reader and Selective Bibliography, Scarecrow Press, 1991.

Willetts, P., ed., The Conscience of the World: The Influence of Non-Governmental Organisations in the UN System, Hurst, 1996.

Williams, Douglas, The Specialized Agencies of the United Nations, London: C. Hurst, 1987.

Wolfrum, R. and C. Philipp, eds., United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice - Vols. 1&2 - New, Rev English, Martinus Nijhoff, 1995.

Yoder, A., The Evolution of the United Nations System, 2nd ed., Taylor & Francis, 1992.

Young, Oran, International Cooperation, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.

Zinsser, J.P., A New Partnership: Indigenous Peoples And The United Nations System, UNESCO Publishing, 1994.

VIII. Selected Journals (with frequent articles on course themes)

American Journal of International LawEthics & International Affairs

Foreign Policy

Foreign Affairs

Global Governance

Human Rights Quarterly

International Peacekeeping

International Organization

International Affairs

International Journal

Journal of Conflict Resolution

Millennium

Orbis

Peace Review

Survival

Washington Quarterly

World Policy Journal

IX. Selected Webpages (with numerous links to other related pages)

Academic Council on the United Nations System links: http://www.yale.edu/acuns

United Nations Homepage: http://www.un.org

United Nations University Homepage: http://archive.unu.edu/

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