The United Nations University's Programme on Peace and Global Transformation was a major world-wide project whose purpose was to develop new insights about the interlinkages between questions of peace, conflict resolution, and the process of transformation. The research in this project, under six major themes, was coordinated by a 12-member core group in different regions of the world: East Asia, South-East Asia (including the Pacific), South Asia, the Arab region, Africa, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, and Latin America. The themes covered were: Conflicts over Natural Resources; Security, Vulnerability and Violence; Human Rights and Cultural Survival in a Changing Pluralistic World; The Role of Science and Technology in Peace and Transformation; The Role of the State in Peace and Global Transformation; and Global Economic Crisis. The project also included a special project on Peace and Regional Security.

United Nations University Press

Sage Publications
New Delhi/Newbury Park/London

To the late Dr. B. V. Krishnamurthy who was part of the team and whose quiet and invisible contribution shaped this study

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

First published in 1991 by

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AND

United Nations University Press
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Published by Tejeshwar Singh for Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd. phototypeset by Mudra Typesetters, Pondicherry, and printed at Chaman Offset Printers.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Shiva, Vandana.

Ecology and the politics of survival: conflicts over natural resources in India Vandana Shiva in association with J. Bandyopadhyay... [et al.] p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Natural resources-India.
2. Forest policy-India.
3. Water resources development-India. I. Bandyopadhyay. J. II. Title.
HC433 5.S55 1991 333.7'0954-dc20 91-13046
ISBN (0-80309672-1) (us.-hbk.)
81-7036-249-0 (India-hbk.)

Contents

Acknowledgements

Preface

Introduction: ecology movements and conflicts over natural resources

Part I Forest Conflicts

2 Forest ecology and forest conflicts
3 The survival economy and forest conflicts
4 The chipko movement
5. Afforestation programmes and land use conflicts
6 Wasteland development and conflict over commons

Part II Water Conflicts

7 Conflicts over river waters
8 Large dams and conflicts in the Krishna Basin
9 Water scarcity and people's alternatives
10 Mining and water conflicts
11 Fisheries and conflicts at sea
12 Conclusion: towards sustainability with justice

Bibliography

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