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Introductory statement
Reference
Summary of the scientific evidence on the nature and determinants of child development
and their implications for programmatic interventions with young children
Introduction
The size of the problem
The nature of early childhood development
Determinants
of child development
Programmatic actions
Programme
characteristics and content
Parents
Training
Evaluation and assessment
The nature and nurture of child development
Abstract
Introduction
Processes that promote or hinder developmental competence
Development is
multidetermined
Specificity
Covariance
among developmental influences
Temporal moderation
Implications for intervention
What not to do
Principles for effective and cost-effective interventions
Integrate
Target
Across time
Acknowledgements
References
Assessing intellectual and affective development before age three: a perspective
on changing practices
Abstract
Introduction
Myths concerning intelligence testing in early childhood
Principles of assessment
Interdependence of
development
Multiple
sources and multiple components
Assessment sequence
Child-caregiver relationships
Framework of
typical development
Emphasis on organizing and functional capabilities of the child
Identify current and emerging competencies and strengths
Collaborative process
Assessment as the beginning of intervention
Reassessment
as an ongoing process
Conclusions
References
Epidemiology of child developmental problems: The extent of the problems of
poor development in children from deprived backgrounds
Abstract
Introduction
Scope of the problem
Minorities in poverty
Effects of
poverty on development
Epidemiological evidence
Epidemiological
measures of effect
Single-component models
Nutrition
Short-term interventions
Long-term interventions
Health
Education
Multicomponent models
Model programmes
Developing countries
Practical applications
Head start
Integrative services
model
Linda ray intervention
program
Cognition and language
Behaviour
Home environment
Discussion
Developmental epidemiology
Implications
for public policy
References
Stability, predictive validity, and sensitivity of mental and motor development
scales and pre-school cognitive tests among low-income children in developing
countries
Abstract
Objectives
Data source
Infant development
scales: mental
Infant development
scales: motor
Test administered during pre-school period
Tests
administered during school period
Results
Infant development
scales: mental
Infant development
scales: motor
Pre-school assessments (36 to 84 months)
Prediction of performance at school age
Discussion and conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Effects of health and nutrition on cognitive and behavioural development in
children in the first three years of life. Part 1: Low birthweight, breastfeeding,
and protein-energy malnutrition
Abstract
Introduction
Low birthweight
Studies of children in the first two years
Studies of children two to seven years of age
Studies of children 7 to 17 years of age
Other outcomes
Interactions
with the environment
Conclusions about the effects of IUGR on development
Breastfeeding
Study design
Short-term
effects of breastfeeding
Long-term effects
of breastfeeding
Mechanism
Fatty acids
Growth
Immune response
Maternal-child interaction
Conclusions
and policy implications
Protein-energy malnutrition
Severe malnutrition
Moderate stunting
and wasting
Cross-sectional associations between height and development
Behaviour
Other functional
associations
Longitudinal associations
Supplementation studies
Preventive
supplementation studies
Intervention with stunted or wasted children
Vulnerable age
Mechanism
Conclusions
about mild-to-moderate stunting
Policy
implications and recommendations
References
Effects of health and nutrition on cognitive and behavioural development in
children in the first three years of life. part 2: infections and micronutrient
deficiencies: iodine, iron, and zinc
Abstract
Introduction
Mechanism
Parasitic infections
Diarrhoea
and respiratory infections
Iodine deficiency
Observational studies
Intervention studies
Conclusions about iodine deficiency and development
Policy implications
Iron deficiency
Iron-deficiency anaemia and concurrent development
Longitudinal studies of development of children who had iron-deficiency anaemia
in infancy
Conclusions
from longitudinal studies
Treatment trials in children under two years of age
Conclusions
from preventive trials
Iron-supplementation studies of anaemic school-aged children
Mechanisms
Summary of findings and conclusions on iron deficiency and child development
Policy implications
Zinc deficiency
Other nutritional
deficiencies
Vitamin A deficiency
General conclusions and policy implications
References
A developmental function of motor activity among nutritionally at-risk children
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Research design
Location
Communities
and day-care centres
Subjects
Variables and measurements
Results
Developmental function of motor activity (12 to 30 months)
Energy intake
and anthropometry
Processes involved in the regulation of motor actions
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Overview of early child-care and education programmes and Jamaican case studies
Abstract
Introduction
Intervention programmes in the United States
Programmes for children under two years of age: predominantly centre based
Programmes for children under two years of age: predominantly home based
Programmes for children over two years of age: Centre based, home based, or
both
Long-term
follow-up after intervention
Intervention programmes in developing countries
Studies in various
countries
Jamaican studies
Summary and conclusions
Developed countries
Developing countries
References
The role of care in programmatic actions for nutrition: Designing programmes
involving care
Abstract
Introduction
Defining care
Care during
complementary feeding
Adaptation to psychomotor abilities for self-feeding
Feeding responsively
The feeding situation
Psychosocial care
Responsiveness to developmental milestones and cues
Attention,
affection, and involvement
Encouragement of autonomy, exploration, and learning
The research and development process for care
Evidence for the effectiveness of care in interventions
Effects of care on child growth and development: correlational studies
Effects of care on child development: experimental studies or efficacy studies
Effects of care on child growth: experimental studies or efficacy studies
Incorporating care in the design of programmes
Examples of programmes that involve care
Current work on care
Conclusions and
recommendations
References
World bank support for early childhood development: Case studies from Kenya,
India, and the Philippines
Abstract
Introduction
Situation analysis of the development status of children
Kenya
India
Philippines
Situation
analysis of existing programmes
Kenya
India
Philippines
Project objectives
Kenya
India
Philippines
Project
components, coverage, and costs
Kenya
India
Philippines
Monitoring and evaluation
Cross-cutting issues and implications for future programmes
Building on home-grown early childhood development models
Targeting the poorest
Delivery of an integrated package of services
Partnerships
Monitoring and evaluation
Key challenges
References
Economic considerations for analysis of early childhood development programmes
Abstract
Introduction
Analytical frameworks for considering the determinants of and the impact of
human resources investments in childhood development
Direct production function impact of childhood development
Household demands for human resource investments such as in child development
Estimation issues in ascertaining the determinants of and the impact of investments
in childhood development
Estimated relations related to childhood development
Estimation problems in attempting to ascertain the determinants and impact
of childhood development
Possible resolutions for estimation problems
Framework for policy choices related to childhood development
Brief definitions of basic motives for policy changes
Specific examples of possible inefficiencies in childhood development
Endnotes
References
Books received
News and notes
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nutrition programme
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